Group 1: Development of High-Speed Transmission Rates - The IEEE 802.3 series standards have significantly advanced Ethernet technology, increasing data transmission rates from 100Gbps in the 2010s to over 1.6Tbps today, with the latest standard (802.3dj) supporting single-channel rates exceeding 200Gbps [1][2] - The modulation technology has transitioned from traditional NRZ to PAM4, doubling spectral efficiency and enabling higher transmission rates in the future [1] Group 2: OIF CEI Framework - The OIF CEI framework has driven the development of high-speed interconnect technology, with standards evolving from CEI-56G to CEI-224G, supporting single-channel rates of 224Gbps and various applications [3][4] Group 3: InfiniBand Technology - InfiniBand, a high-performance computing network standard, offers extremely high throughput and low latency, with the latest XDR interconnect products achieving single-channel rates of 200Gbps using PAM4 modulation [6] Group 4: Technical Drivers - The rapid development of AI and 5G/6G technologies has raised the demand for higher data transmission rates, necessitating support for 800G/1.6T Ethernet as data centers expand [6] Group 5: 224Gbps Technology Background - The introduction of PAM4 modulation has enabled 224Gbps transmission rates at 112 GBd baud rate, but it also requires a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to NRZ modulation, increasing SNR demands by 9.5 dB [6][7] Group 6: Typical Applications of 224Gbps - 224Gbps high-speed interconnects are widely applicable in various scenarios, including chip-to-optical engine packaging, backplane interconnects, and data center optical modules, all requiring strict performance and distance specifications [8][9] Group 7: Key Testing Indicators for High-Speed Cables - High-speed cable testing involves both conventional and post-processing indicators, with frequency domain indicators being crucial for assessing cable performance, including differential insertion loss and return loss [11][12] Group 8: Post-Processing Testing Indicators - Post-processing indicators for high-speed cables include channel operating margin, effective return loss, and insertion loss deviation, which are essential for evaluating channel performance [14][15] Group 9: Fixture De-embedding Applications - De-embedding fixtures during high-speed cable testing is necessary to eliminate fixture effects on test results, ensuring more accurate measurements [18][19] Group 10: R&S Testing Solutions - R&S provides a comprehensive hardware and software testing solution for IEEE 802.3dj, CEI-224Gbps, and InfiniBand XDR high-speed cables, supporting automated testing for various configurations [23][24] Group 11: Future Trends - The testing technology for high-speed cables is expected to evolve towards higher bandwidth, greater integration, and increased intelligence, with modulation techniques like PAM6/PAM8 potentially raising transmission rates to 448Gbps and beyond [27]