Architectural History & Preservation - Ancient Indian education systems like the Gurukul system emphasized holistic learning, encompassing life skills, moral values, and spiritual development [3] - Nalanda University, established in the 5th century CE, was an international university housing over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers, attracting scholars from across Asia [6][7] - The decline of Nalanda University occurred around the 12th century due to invasion, resulting in the destruction of its infrastructure and a vast library containing approximately 9 million books [8] - Excavations at sites like Fanigiri reveal intricate stone carvings and architectural elements from the 1st century CE, highlighting the art and culture of the time [15] Restoration & Material Science - Traditional lime mortar, used for thousands of years, is presented as a primary building material, contrasting with the more recent adoption of cement in 1904 in India [21][22][23] - The industry emphasizes the importance of using original materials and techniques in restoration projects to preserve the integrity of age-old structures [21][23] - Initial restoration attempts using cement were unsuccessful, highlighting the need for traditional materials like lime mortar [23] Cultural Significance & Future Implications - Architecture plays a crucial role in preserving culture through art, serving as a reliable means of transferring cultural data to future generations [20] - Forgotten architectural forms represent not only physical structures but also lost systems, languages, values, and ways of learning [24] - Restoring ancient structures and preserving forgotten forms can inspire the present and shape the future by reminding us of past knowledge, design, and education [26]