De novo charters and ILCs are reshaping competition, allowing nonbanks to build purpose-designed, digital-first banks with access to insured deposits and lending power.After years of relying on sponsor banks and acquisitions, regulatory thaw and consumer openness to neobanks have accelerated direct entry into the regulated banking system, including trust and digital asset charters.Nonbanks and firms like Revolut, Affirm, PayPal, Ford and General Motors are pursuing bank charters or industrial loan companies ...