Global Retirement System Challenges - The world could face a $400 trillion shortfall in retirement savings by 2050 [1] - Every country's retirement system is unique, shaped by its specific development path [1] US Retirement System Analysis - The US retirement system has both strengths and weaknesses [4] - The US has a progressive benefit formula in its social security program, benefiting lower-wage earners [4] - The US saves more than most other countries and has among the highest retirement incomes globally [6] - The US has significant assets in defined contribution plans and some defined benefit plans [3] Potential Reforms and Considerations - Mandatory defined contribution systems may face resistance in the United States [2] - Instead of focusing solely on features, the US retirement system should be evaluated based on its results [5] - The pension index aims to facilitate understanding of what works and what needs improvement in retirement systems [5]

U.S. Retirement System Challenges - U.S Social Security is facing insolvency by 2033, potentially leading to a 20% benefit cut if the trust fund runs short [1] - The U S retirement system received a C+ rating from the Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index in 2024, indicating a solid system with significant risks [1][2] - 401(k) system may not be effective as funds are often withdrawn before retirement for various needs [3] - By 2050, the world could face a $400 trillion shortfall in retirement savings, with the U S being a major contributor to this problem [29] - In 2019, the estimated loss of savings due to 401(k) cash outs ranged from $60 billion to $105 billion [19] Global Comparison and Solutions - Countries are raising retirement ages and requiring mandatory contributions to address issues like longer lifespans and fewer workers paying into the system [4] - A grade retirement systems often feature a net replacement rate of at least 65% for median income earners, private pension coverage of at least 80% of the working-age population, and pension contributions of at least 12% of wages [5][6] - The Netherlands, with its mandatory contributions, serves as a model, transitioning from defined benefit to defined contribution plans [7][9][10] - Australia's mandatory defined contribution plan, covering everyone, is highlighted as a successful approach [11] U.S. Strengths and Weaknesses - U S retirement plan assets are 250% (two and a half times) the median of OECD countries, indicating high savings rates [14] - Despite high savings, the median retirement savings for baby boomers is zero, highlighting inequality [15] - While 70% of U S workers had access to a retirement plan as of March 2023, only 53% participated, indicating a coverage issue [17] - The U S system's voluntary nature and allowance of pre-retirement withdrawals are criticized, but the high savings rates and retirement incomes suggest some success [10][13][34]