Core Findings - The "Southeast Asian Population Genomics Project" (SEA3K) has revealed the complex genetic structure and evolutionary history of Southeast Asian populations, filling a significant gap in global genomics [1][2] - The project involved collaboration among 34 research teams from multiple Southeast Asian countries, resulting in the collection of samples from over 30 locations and the completion of 3023 whole genome sequences [1][2] Genetic Structure and Adaptation - The analysis of SEA3K data has shown that the genetic structure of most Southeast Asian populations aligns more closely with their geographical distribution rather than linguistic classification, indicating that geographical isolation has played a key role in population differentiation [2] - Key genes related to adaptation to tropical rainforest environments have been identified, highlighting unique evolutionary strategies of Southeast Asian populations in response to their environment [2] Historical Insights - The research uncovered evidence of multiple gene flow events between Southeast Asian populations and the extinct Denisovans, suggesting that Denisovans may have been widely distributed in East Asia during the Paleolithic era and interacted with modern humans in Southeast Asia [2] Future Initiatives - The Chinese Academy of Sciences has officially launched the second phase of the Southeast Asian Human Genome Project (SEA10K) in collaboration with international partners [4]