Mastercard Inc. MA reported stronger-than-expected second-quarter results on Thursday, prompting a wave of upward revisions from Wall Street analysts who cited accelerating growth in value-added services (VAS) and solid international volume trends as key drivers of future performance.The payments giant reported adjusted revenue of $8.13 billion and earnings per share of $4.15, beating consensus estimates. Total net revenue rose 16% year-over-year, while VAS revenue climbed 23% on a reported basis and 22% in ...