Core Viewpoint - Visa has demonstrated significant investment returns since its IPO, with a total return of 2,880% since 2008, translating a $10,000 investment into $298,000 today [1] Group 1: Growth Potential - Visa's market capitalization currently stands at $721 billion, indicating strong market presence [2] - The company is expected to experience durable growth driven by the ongoing shift from cash to digital transactions, particularly in emerging markets [5] - Economic growth contributes to Visa's performance, with U.S. personal consumption expenditures increasing by 101% over the past decade [6] - Revenue and earnings per share are projected to grow at compound annual rates of 10.2% and 12.6%, respectively, from fiscal 2024 to fiscal 2027 [7] Group 2: Competitive Advantage - Visa possesses a strong economic moat, characterized by a significant network effect that enhances its competitive position [8] - There are 4.8 billion active Visa cards globally, accepted by 150 million merchants, creating value for both cardholders and merchants [9] - Despite the rise of fintech companies, Visa continues to grow its revenue and earnings, underscoring its essential role in the economy [11] Group 3: Investment Considerations - While Visa has produced substantial returns historically, future returns may not match past performance, with the S&P 500 index showing better returns over the last five years [12] - The stock trades at a price-to-earnings ratio of 37.5, indicating a high valuation that reflects market appreciation [13]

Core Viewpoint - Berkshire Hathaway's asset composition has shifted, with controlled companies now exceeding public equity holdings, and cash and marketable securities surpassing stock investments [1] Company Overview - American Express remains a significant holding for Berkshire Hathaway, constituting 14.5% of its equity portfolio, second only to Apple [2] - The company has consistently outperformed the market over the long term, although it has underperformed the S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite year to date [2] Business Model - American Express operates a unique business model compared to Visa and Mastercard, issuing its own cards and bearing the risk of defaults [4][7] - The company targets affluent customers, which allows for higher fees and greater spending potential, despite the inherent risks [7][8] Financial Performance - American Express has shown steady revenue and earnings growth, with a notable increase post-pandemic as it appeals to younger demographics [9] - The stock has declined 22.9% from its all-time high, presenting a potential buying opportunity for long-term investors [13] Valuation Metrics - The current price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio for American Express is 17.9, slightly below its five-year average of 18.4, indicating it may be undervalued [13] - The price-to-free cash flow ratio stands at 14.8, further suggesting that American Express is a good value [13] Share Buybacks - American Express has reduced its share count by 30% over the last decade, enhancing earnings per share (EPS) growth through buybacks [15][17] - The company has a history of significant dividend increases, with a recent 17% hike in its quarterly payout [17] Investment Thesis - American Express exemplifies quality over quantity in the payment processing sector, with affluent customers leading to higher average spending [19] - The stock is considered a strong buy amid broader market sell-offs, offering both value and passive income potential [20]