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Kura Oncology (NasdaqGS:KURA) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 18:02
Kura Oncology FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: Kura Oncology (NasdaqGS: KURA) - **Industry**: Biotechnology, specifically focused on oncology treatments Key Points and Arguments 1. **Commercial Readiness**: Kura is preparing for the PDUFA target action date of November 30 for Ziftomenib's approval in relapsed/refractory NPM1-mutant AML. The commercial organization is fully staffed and trained [2][5] 2. **Market Opportunity**: The potential market for menin inhibitors, particularly Ziftomenib, is estimated to exceed $7 billion annually, driven largely by frontline treatment opportunities [3][16] 3. **Pipeline Development**: Kura has a robust pipeline, including a Farnesyl transferase inhibitor program aimed at overcoming resistance mechanisms in targeted therapies [3][4] 4. **Patient Population**: The addressable market in the U.S. for Ziftomenib is projected to be over 200,000 patients annually, with specific focus on NPM1-mutant AML patients [4][16] 5. **Financial Position**: As of June 30, Kura had $630.7 million in cash, positioning the company well for upcoming milestones and commercialization efforts [4][5] 6. **Collaboration with Kyowa Kirin**: Kura has a partnership with Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., which includes significant milestone payments that will support Kura's cash position through the commercialization of Ziftomenib [5][17] 7. **Clinical Trials**: Kura is initiating two Phase 3 registration-enabling studies under the COMET-017 protocol to evaluate Ziftomenib in combination with standard therapies for AML [2][11] 8. **Efficacy and Safety**: Ziftomenib has shown strong safety and tolerability profiles, with promising clinical activity in heavily pretreated patients [9][10] 9. **Long-term Treatment Potential**: The company aims to keep patients on therapy for 12 to 24 months, which is unprecedented in AML treatment, potentially transforming it into a chronic therapy [16] 10. **Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)**: Kura is also evaluating Ziftomenib for GIST, targeting a market potential of $500 million to $1 billion in peak sales in the U.S. [18][19] 11. **Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor Program**: Kura is developing KO-2806, a FTI program, which aims to address resistance in various cancers, with upcoming data expected from ongoing trials [20][24] Additional Important Content - **AML Statistics**: Approximately 70% of AML patients who achieve complete response relapse within three years, highlighting the need for effective treatments [6] - **Patient Demographics**: In the U.S., there are about 20,000 AML patients eligible for menin inhibitors, with a global estimate of 60,000 [7] - **Transplant Considerations**: Ziftomenib may allow patients to avoid or delay transplants, which carry significant risks and complications [13] - **Regulatory Pathway**: Kura is working closely with the FDA for accelerated approval pathways for its therapies [14] This summary encapsulates the critical insights from Kura Oncology's FY conference, emphasizing the company's strategic positioning, market potential, and ongoing clinical developments in the oncology space.
Phathom Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGS:PHAT) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 18:02
Summary of Phathom Pharmaceuticals FY Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Phathom Pharmaceuticals - **Product**: VOQUEZNA, a treatment for erosive and non-erosive GERD patients - **Conference Date**: September 08, 2025 Key Points Financial Performance - **Revenue Growth**: - Achieved $55 million in revenue last year - Projected revenue for the current year is between $165 million and $175 million, indicating significant growth [6][89] - **Quarterly Performance**: - Reported a $39 million quarter in Q2, reflecting strong uptake among physicians [6] - 36% sequential prescription growth over Q1, with approximately 173,000 VOQUEZNA prescriptions filled [30] Product Differentiation - **Mechanism of Action**: - VOQUEZNA is a potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) with advantages over traditional proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) [7] - Demonstrates rapid onset of action, with patients feeling relief within 30 to 45 minutes [7] - Elevates gastric pH to levels higher than PPIs, providing better symptom relief [8] - **Clinical Efficacy**: - Higher healing rates for erosive esophagitis compared to PPIs, as evidenced by clinical trials [10] Strategic Focus - **Target Market Shift**: - Transitioning focus from primary care physicians to gastroenterologists, who are more likely to prescribe VOQUEZNA [13][15] - Anticipated growth in adoption as gastroenterologists treat patients with severe GERD symptoms [15] - **Direct-to-Consumer Campaign**: - Initial DTC campaign was premature; future campaigns will be more effective once primary care physicians are familiar with VOQUEZNA [21] Market Dynamics - **Patient Journey**: - Patients typically start treatment with primary care physicians and may be referred to gastroenterologists if symptoms persist [25] - Approximately 30% to 40% of GERD patients on chronic PPI therapy still experience breakthrough symptoms, indicating a significant market for VOQUEZNA [40] Challenges and Opportunities - **Adoption Hurdles**: - Physician inertia and long-standing habits of prescribing PPIs pose challenges to VOQUEZNA adoption [44][53] - Overcoming these hurdles requires positive patient feedback and increased physician familiarity with VOQUEZNA [51] - **Label Expansion**: - Planned phase two trial for VOQUEZNA in eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) could open new revenue streams [73] - EOE market represents tens of millions in potential revenue, with a significant number of PPI scripts annually [82] Regulatory and Exclusivity Insights - **Exclusivity Protection**: - FDA confirmed a May 2032 date for exclusivity protection, with potential for a six-month extension if phase two studies are successful [85][86] Future Outlook - **Path to Profitability**: - Expected to achieve EBIT positive status in 2026, with revenue projections exceeding $165 million for the current year [89][93] - **Operational Efficiency**: - Plans to reduce operating expenses below $60 million in Q3 and below $55 million in Q4 [91] Additional Insights - **Prescription Channels**: - Approximately 68% of prescriptions filled through retail pharmacies, with efforts to optimize both retail and cash pay channels [56][70] - **Patient-Centric Approach**: - Focus on improving patient outcomes and ensuring access to VOQUEZNA through effective prescription practices [72]
Barclays (NYSE:BCS) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:45
Barclays (NYSE:BCS) FY Conference September 08, 2025 12:45 PM ET Unknown Speakertextnumber_of_speakersparagraphs ...
Akebia Therapeutics (NasdaqCM:AKBA) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
Summary of Akebia Therapeutics FY Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Akebia Therapeutics (NasdaqCM:AKBA) - **Focus**: Treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperphosphatemia - **Products**: - **Vafseo**: New treatment for anemia in dialysis patients, launched in January 2025 - **Auryxia**: Phosphate binder, generating $47 million in Q2 2025 revenue despite loss of IP exclusivity Key Points and Arguments Commercial Priorities - **Vafseo Performance**: Generated over $13 million in Q2 2025, with a 55% demand growth driven by: - 725 prescribers averaging 13 prescriptions each - Over 80% of US Renal Care physicians and clinics have prescribed Vafseo [3][4] - **Auryxia Growth**: Despite losing IP exclusivity, Auryxia saw a 15% year-over-year growth, attributed to its strong clinical profile and improved access due to TDAPA [11][12] Market Expansion Strategies - **Utilization of Dialysis Organizations**: - Engaging mid-sized dialysis organizations and larger dialysis organizations (LDOs) to broaden access - DaVita pilot program expected to provide access to 204,000 patients by year-end 2025 [6][7] - **Patient Population**: Targeting a total of 550,000 anemic CKD patients, with 275,000 currently accessible [8] Clinical Trials and Evidence Generation - **VACE Trial**: A study aimed at demonstrating the impact of Vafseo on hospitalization and mortality, with potential economic benefits for dialysis organizations [14][15] - **VALOR Trial**: Planned Phase 3 trial for Vafseo in non-dialysis CKD patients, engaging with the FDA for protocol finalization [19][21] Financial Position - **Cash Reserves**: Ended Q2 2025 with $137 million in cash, guiding towards profitability while focusing on Vafseo launch and NDD trial [26] Future Outlook - **Market Opportunity**: Non-dialysis segment presents a multi-billion dollar opportunity, with a different payer profile compared to dialysis patients [21] - **Growth Potential**: Both dialysis and non-dialysis markets are crucial for establishing Vafseo as the standard of care [25] Investor Considerations - **Near-term Catalysts**: Continued success of Vafseo launch and revenue growth, initiation of the NDD trial by year-end 2025 [28] - **Market Perception**: The company aims to reshape investor understanding of its platform and growth potential [29] Additional Important Insights - **Broad Usage of Vafseo**: Initial expectations of niche usage have shifted to broad adoption across various patient profiles [17][18] - **Patient Care Perspective**: Vafseo offers a more stable treatment option, potentially reducing complications associated with blood transfusions [20] This summary encapsulates the key insights from the Akebia Therapeutics FY Conference Call, highlighting the company's strategic focus, market opportunities, and future growth potential.
Nordea Bank (OTCPK:NBNK.F) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
Summary of Nordea Bank FY Conference Call - September 08, 2025 Company Overview - **Company**: Nordea Bank (OTCPK:NBNK.F) Key Industry Insights - **Bank Taxation**: No significant political pressure for new bank taxes in Nordic countries, despite existing taxes in Sweden and higher corporate tax rates in Denmark and Norway [3][3] - **Net Interest Income**: Resilience observed in net interest margin, expected to stabilize around 2% in the coming years. Further rate cuts could be damaging [5][5] - **Customer Behavior**: Increased interest in deposits and asset management products as rates decline, indicating a shift in customer preferences [8][8] Financial Performance and Targets - **2025 Targets**: Confident in achieving above 15% Return on Equity (ROE) and a cost-income ratio of 44% to 46% [4][4] - **Loan and Deposit Growth**: Strong competition in lending, with market share gains in Sweden, but challenges in Denmark due to aggressive competitors [6][6][36][36] Cost Management - **IT Expenses**: Elevated IT expenses due to significant investments in technology and risk management, with a commitment to cap cost growth at 2% to 2.5% for 2025 [14][15][19][19] - **Employee Reduction**: Anticipated reduction in full-time employees due to technology investments and automation in financial crime prevention [16][18][18] Asset Quality and Risk Management - **Asset Quality**: Robust asset quality with low incidence of specific provisions; no major areas of concern identified [20][20] - **Regulatory Risks**: Ongoing Danish AML court case expected to take nearly a year for resolution, with adequate provisions in place [22][22] Capital Strategy - **M&A Activity**: Interest in bolt-on acquisitions remains, particularly in banking portfolios and life insurance, but no acquisitions announced for the year [25][25][26][26] - **Capital Returns**: Focus on returning excess capital to shareholders through buybacks if no suitable investment opportunities arise [26][26] Future Outlook - **Financial Targets**: Upcoming Capital Markets Day expected to provide updates on financial targets and growth strategies [31][31][32][32] - **Market Share Gains**: Strongest performance in Sweden, with efforts to regain ground in Denmark and maintain growth in Finland and Norway [36][36][37][37] Conclusion - **Overall Sentiment**: Nordea Bank expresses confidence in meeting financial targets, maintaining asset quality, and strategically managing costs while exploring growth opportunities through acquisitions and market share expansion.
KeyCorp (NYSE:KEY) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
KeyCorp FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: KeyCorp (NYSE: KEY) - **Event**: FY Conference held on September 08, 2025 - **Speakers**: Clark Khayat (CFO), Randy Paine (President of Key Institutional Bank) Key Points Company Structure and Differentiation - KeyCorp's Institutional Bank includes equipment finance, corporate investment banking (KeyBank Capital Markets), and a comprehensive real estate platform [4][5] - The bank has a unique position in the market, focusing on emerging growth and middle-market companies, differentiating itself from both boutique firms and larger competitors [5][6] Client Sentiment and Economic Outlook - Client sentiment is characterized as cautiously optimistic, with strong earnings reported in the first half of the year [8] - Commercial lending activity increased by 5% in the first half of the year, with investment banking fees up 19% compared to 2024 [9][10] - There is a noted slowdown in middle-market M&A activity, although large-cap M&A remains strong [11][12] Growth Projections - KeyCorp aims for mid to high single-digit growth in investment banking fees, with a potential to exceed this if market conditions remain favorable [10][11] - The bank is optimistic about reaching $1 billion in organic revenues in the future, supported by a strong real estate platform and renewable energy initiatives [13][14] Recruitment and Talent Development - KeyCorp plans to grow its investment banking team by approximately 10%, focusing on healthcare, technology, and real estate sectors [17][18] - The bank emphasizes internal talent development, with 80% of bankers in key verticals being homegrown [20] Financial Performance and Metrics - The bank's revenues are approximately $3.5 billion, with a significant portion of expenses tied to incentive compensation [30] - Net Interest Income (NII) is projected to grow by 20% to 22% for the year, with expectations of a strong NIM (Net Interest Margin) in the 270s [40][41] Technology Investments - KeyCorp is increasing technology investments by $100 million, focusing on enhancing customer service and internal productivity [27][28] M&A Strategy - The bank is open to small acquisitions, particularly those that align culturally and operationally with its existing platform [34][35] - Current focus is on broad market M&A rather than bank acquisitions, with an emphasis on enhancing capabilities in non-bank sectors [36][37] Credit and Loan Growth - Loan growth is expected to be flat, with a slight increase in commercial and industrial loans, while residential real estate is anticipated to decline [39][40] - Credit quality remains stable, with reserves expected to be flat or slightly released [42] Profitability Targets - KeyCorp aims for a return on tangible common equity (ROTCE) of 15% or higher in the midterm, with a focus on improving return on assets (ROA) [63] Collaboration with Bank of Nova Scotia - KeyCorp maintains a productive relationship with the Bank of Nova Scotia, exploring collaborative opportunities while focusing on meaningful investments [64][66] Additional Insights - The bank's approach to managing expenses includes flexibility in compensation based on performance, allowing for adjustments in response to market conditions [30][31] - The focus on affordable housing is highlighted, with KeyCorp being a leading player in this sector, leveraging its comprehensive service offerings [25][26]
Hyperfine (NasdaqGM:HYPR) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
Summary of Hyperfine's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Hyperfine - **Industry**: Medical Imaging, specifically portable MRI technology - **Product**: First FDA-cleared portable brain MRI system, known as the Swoop® system powered by Optive AI™ [2][9] Key Points and Arguments - **Market Opportunity**: The total addressable market (TAM) for Hyperfine's technology is estimated to be over $6 billion, with potential growth to over $16 billion in the U.S. alone [2][9][26] - **Commercialization Strategy**: Hyperfine is in early commercialization globally, with existing reimbursement similar to conventional MRI [2][10] - **Technology Advantages**: - Portable MRI can be used in various care settings without the need for dedicated chambers or specialized operators [4][5] - The system is designed for ease of use, allowing healthcare professionals with minimal training to operate it [4][12] - The technology enhances timeliness and reduces risks associated with patient transport, especially in critical care [5][6] - **Growth Strategy**: The introduction of the next-generation scanner, Optive AI™, has de-risked the growth strategy, allowing expansion into emergency departments, operating rooms, and neurology offices [3][18] - **Clinical Applications**: The system has been validated through various clinical studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in critical care and neurology [17][18] Financial Insights - **Revenue Model**: Hyperfine's revenue streams include direct device sales and recurring revenue from service and software fees. The MSRP for the Swoop® system is $550,000 [25][26] - **Return on Investment (ROI)**: Hospitals can expect an ROI of approximately 1 to 1.5 years, which is favorable compared to typical capital equipment [21] - **Sales Potential**: A penetration of just 1.5% in the U.S. market could yield $100 million in revenue [26] Additional Important Information - **Regulatory Approvals**: Hyperfine has over 200 patents and has received multiple FDA clearances for its AI-enabled imaging technology [9][14] - **Global Expansion**: The company is looking to enter the Indian market, which is significant for remote and rural care [19] - **Partnerships**: Collaboration with King's College London and support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for pediatric MRI in low and middle-income settings [10][25] - **Future Applications**: While currently focused on brain imaging, there are plans to explore other applications, such as diabetic foot triage [27] This summary encapsulates the key insights from Hyperfine's conference call, highlighting the company's innovative approach to portable MRI technology and its significant market potential.
Verastem (NasdaqCM:VSTM) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
Summary of Verastem Oncology Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Verastem Oncology - **Industry**: Biotechnology focused on cancer therapies - **Key Product**: Combination of avutometinib and defactinib, approved for low-grade serous ovarian cancer [1][2] Core Points and Arguments - **FDA Approval**: The company received accelerated FDA approval for its lead product, targeting low-grade serous ovarian cancer, with a response rate of 44% in pivotal studies compared to standard care's 6% to 15% [2][3] - **Market Size**: Approximately 6,000 to 8,000 women in the U.S. are affected by low-grade serous ovarian cancer [2] - **Launch Performance**: In the first six weeks post-launch, the company generated over $2 million in net revenue, exceeding consensus expectations [3] - **Investor Interest**: There are three groups of investors: those focused on the launch product, those interested in newer programs, and those looking at the G12D inhibitor [3][4] Clinical Development - **G12D Inhibitor**: The company is developing a G12D inhibitor for pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, with promising data reported from partners in China [4][5] - **International Expansion**: Discussions are ongoing for approvals in Europe and Japan, with a bridging study in Japan almost fully accrued [10][11] - **Phase 3 Trial**: A confirmatory Phase 3 trial for ovarian cancer is underway, with a pre-planned interim analysis scheduled for later this year [12][14] Upcoming Milestones - **Lung Cancer Studies**: Data on the combination of sotorasib with avutometinib and defactinib is expected later this year [16] - **Pancreatic Cancer Data**: The company reported an 83% response rate in a small cohort for frontline metastatic pancreatic cancer, significantly higher than the standard care response rate of 30% to 35% [17] - **VS-7375 Development**: The next product in the pipeline, VS-7375, has shown a 69% response rate in pancreatic cancer trials, indicating strong efficacy compared to competitors [24][26] Financial Position - **Cash Reserves**: The company reported over $160 million in cash, with additional funding expected from cash-only warrants [34] - **Funding Strategy**: The company aims to fund future programs primarily through sales, with potential partnerships as a secondary option [35][36] Additional Insights - **LGSOC Opportunity**: The potential market for low-grade serous ovarian cancer is significant due to high unmet needs and favorable pricing and reimbursement conditions [39] - **Long Treatment Duration**: Patients in clinical trials averaged 18 months on therapy, creating a recurring revenue model that differs from typical cancer treatments [39] Conclusion Verastem Oncology is positioned for significant growth with its innovative therapies targeting high unmet needs in cancer treatment, particularly in low-grade serous ovarian cancer and G12D mutations. The company is actively pursuing international expansion and has a robust pipeline with promising clinical data. Financially, it appears well-positioned to support its ongoing and future programs.
P10 (NYSE:PX) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
Summary of PTEN FY Conference Call - September 08, 2025 Company Overview - **Company**: PTEN (P10 Holdings, Inc.) - **Industry**: Investment Management Key Points and Arguments Leadership and Company Progress - CEO Luke Sarsfield reflected on his nearly two-year tenure, highlighting significant progress and robust opportunities for growth within PTEN [3][4] - Emphasis on maintaining strong investment performance and alpha generation across various strategies, now totaling eight after the Qualitas acquisition [4][5] - Focus on optimizing enabling functions, including finance, operations, strategy, and client solutions to enhance investment capabilities [5][6][7][8] Market Focus and Investment Strategy - PTEN is committed to the middle and lower middle market, countering the misconception that smaller companies are inherently riskier than larger firms [15][16] - The firm sees a favorable competitive landscape in the lower middle market, characterized by less capital chasing more opportunities, leading to better investment returns [20][22][24] - Historical returns in the lower middle market have outperformed those in the upper market by 200 to 300 basis points [24] Growth Opportunities - PTEN aims to reach a target of $50 billion in assets under management (AUM) by 2029, focusing on both existing and new limited partners (LPs) [25][26] - The firm has nearly 5,000 LPs, with less than 5% currently invested across multiple strategies, indicating significant potential for deepening existing relationships [27][28][29] - Plans to engage larger global clients and expand product offerings, including traditional delayed draw commingled funds and new fund structures like evergreen funds [35][36][39] M&A Strategy - The acquisition of Qualitas has been successful, with integration exceeding expectations and opening new collaborative opportunities [55][56][58] - Future M&A efforts will focus on strategic fit, cultural alignment, and economic sense, with an emphasis on international analogs of existing U.S. strategies [69][72][73] - PTEN is exploring opportunities in private credit and real assets, aiming to enhance its distribution capabilities [74][75] Venture Debt and Market Environment - The venture debt space remains attractive, with WTI's innovative structural protections allowing for compelling risk-adjusted returns [78][79] - Despite recent disruptions in the venture landscape, PTEN has seen an increase in both volume and size of investment opportunities [82] Capacity for Growth - PTEN believes it can significantly grow within the middle market, which is estimated at $3 trillion, while currently managing about $40 billion in AUM [86][87] - The firm is not capacity constrained in its strategies and sees ample opportunities for growth through existing and new client relationships [87] Additional Important Insights - The firm is focused on leveraging data and insights to deepen client relationships and enhance product offerings [31][32] - PTEN is cautious about expanding into retail markets without a partner, prioritizing existing high-value client relationships [44][45] - The firm is committed to maintaining a robust governance structure and enhancing its board's independence [10][11] This summary encapsulates the key insights and strategic directions discussed during the PTEN FY Conference Call, highlighting the company's focus on growth, market opportunities, and investment strategies.
MSCI (NYSE:MSCI) FY Conference Transcript
2025-09-08 17:02
MSCI FY Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: MSCI Inc. (NYSE: MSCI) - **Date of Conference**: September 08, 2025 Key Points Financial Performance and Debt Management - MSCI executed a **$1.25 billion financing transaction** in August 2025 to optimize its capital structure and take advantage of favorable market conditions [4][9] - The company expects **interest expense** for Q3 2025 to be between **$54 to $55 million**, and for the full year, it is updated to **$205 to $209 million** [4][5] - MSCI's targeted leverage range is **3 to 3.5 times gross debt to trailing EBITDA**; prior to the financing, the leverage was **2.5 times**, which is below the target range [7][10] - The financing was well-received in the market, marking MSCI's **inaugural investment-grade offering** [9] Capital Allocation Strategy - The majority of the proceeds from the debt raise will be used for **share repurchases**, reflecting MSCI's confidence in its stock [5][11] - MSCI is focused on **organic growth** opportunities, particularly in areas like **custom indexes**, **private asset investing**, and **climate transition** [11][12] - The company is pursuing **M&A opportunities** that align with its strategic focus, particularly in private assets and custom indexing [12][14] M&A and Partnerships - MSCI's M&A strategy is centered on **bolt-on acquisitions** that enhance existing capabilities rather than diversifying into new segments [12][15] - Recent acquisitions include **Burgiss** and **Fabric**, which have strengthened MSCI's offerings in private capital solutions and wealth management [13][16] - The partnership with **Moody's** aims to enhance credit insights and standardization in private credit portfolios, leveraging MSCI's data capabilities [22][25] Private Credit Strategy - Private credit is currently a modest revenue stream for MSCI, primarily integrated within analytics [18][19] - The company is expanding its capabilities in private credit through partnerships and developing tools to help investors understand risks and performance [22][23] - MSCI is actively engaging with industry participants to evolve the private credit space, which is experiencing significant growth [24][35] Market Environment and Client Dynamics - MSCI operates in a **global market** with varying dynamics across client segments and geographies [38] - The company is seeing growth in areas like **wealth management** and the **trading ecosystem**, while also facing challenges in traditional asset management segments [39][40] - The subscription business, particularly in index and analytics, is experiencing a **6% growth rate** among asset managers, with a focus on customization and active ETFs [41][42] ESG and Sustainability - MSCI acknowledges a decline in growth within its **ESG index module**, which has dropped from nearly **60% growth** to single digits [49][56] - The company remains committed to the long-term potential of the ESG market, despite short-term challenges [56][57] Conclusion - MSCI is strategically positioned to leverage its strong cash generation and market opportunities while maintaining a disciplined approach to capital allocation and M&A [6][14] - The company is focused on enhancing its product offerings and client relationships to drive future growth, particularly in the evolving landscape of private credit and sustainability [35][56]