Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW)
Search documents
Sibanye Stillwater's Turnaround Ignites, The Upside Is Still There
Seeking Alpha· 2025-05-23 12:25
Core Insights - The article highlights the importance of accessing high-quality analysis of Wall Street buying and selling ideas through a subscription service called Beyond the Wall Investing [1] Group 1 - Daniel Sereda serves as the chief investment analyst at a family office, managing investments across various continents and asset classes [1] - The investment group provides insights that prioritize the same information used by institutional market participants in their analyses [1] - A free trial and a special 10% discount are available for new subscribers to the service [1]
Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW) - 2024 Q4 - Annual Report
2025-04-25 12:50
Financial Performance - The company reported a significant increase in capital expenditure, focusing on optimizing long-term resource value, with a total of $1.2 billion allocated for 2024[9]. - The company anticipates a 10% growth in revenue for the next fiscal year, driven by higher metal prices and increased production capacity[11]. - The company reported a significant increase in revenue, achieving $1.2 billion for the quarter, representing a 15% year-over-year growth[149]. - The Group achieved adjusted EBITDA of R6.4 billion (US$360 million) for H2 2024, consistent with H2 2023, marking the third consecutive six-month period of stable Group adjusted EBITDA[173]. - The SA gold operations contributed R3.6 billion to adjusted EBITDA for H2 2024, a 38% increase compared to the SA PGM operations, which accounted for 56% of Group adjusted EBITDA for the period[174]. - The average rand gold price increased by 26% compared to H2 2023, significantly benefiting the profitability of the SA gold operations[174]. - The SA PGM operations experienced a 55% decrease in adjusted EBITDA to R2.6 billion (US$152 million) for H2 2024 due to a lower average 4E basket price of R23,892/4Eoz (US$1,330) and changes in processing arrangements[178]. - The Group's net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio improved to 1.08x after accounting for US$500 million in stream proceeds, indicating strong financial liquidity[193]. - The Group's liquidity headroom was R45.7 billion (US$2.4 billion) as of December 2024, providing sufficient capital for extended operations[193]. User Engagement and Market Expansion - User data showed a 15% increase in active users year-over-year, reaching 5 million users, indicating strong market engagement[12]. - The company is expanding its market presence in Europe, targeting a 25% increase in market share by 2025 through strategic acquisitions[11]. - Market expansion plans include entering three new countries by the end of the fiscal year, targeting a 20% increase in market share[151]. Sustainability and Environmental Impact - The company plans to invest $300 million in sustainable practices to minimize environmental impact and enhance regulatory compliance[12]. - The report highlights the Group's commitment to sustainability and its alignment with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)[58]. - A new sustainability initiative has been launched, aiming to reduce carbon emissions by 30% over the next five years[150]. - The company emphasizes its commitment to sustainability, with a dedicated Chief Sustainability Officer, Melanie Naidoo-Vermaak, overseeing related initiatives[146]. Acquisitions and Investments - The company has identified potential acquisition targets that could enhance its mineral resource portfolio, with an estimated value of $500 million[11]. - Sibanye-Stillwater completed the acquisition of Kroondal operation, assuming full ownership with a contingent consideration of R1,433 million at the acquisition date[26]. - The Group increased its shareholding in the Keliber lithium project to 85.9% at a total cost of EUR338 million, with further investments in 2023[29]. - Sibanye-Stillwater acquired 100% of the Sandouville nickel processing facilities in France for EUR87 million in 2022[29]. - The acquisition of the Reldan Group of Companies was completed for US$155.9 million, enhancing Sibanye-Stillwater's recycling capabilities[29]. - The company is exploring potential acquisitions to enhance its product portfolio, with a budget of $100 million allocated for this purpose[149]. Operational Efficiency and Innovation - New product development initiatives are underway, with a budget of $200 million allocated for research and innovation in battery metals[12]. - Future outlook includes a focus on digital transformation, with an investment of $150 million in technology upgrades to improve operational efficiency[13]. - The company is investing $50 million in research and development for new technologies aimed at enhancing operational efficiency[150]. - The ongoing development of the K4 shaft project at the Marikana operation is expected to increase production to 250,000 4Eoz by 2030, significantly reducing unit costs[179]. - The restructuring phase concluded in Q4 2024 is expected to reduce operating costs by approximately US$140 million and capex by US$50 million for 2025[182]. Governance and Leadership - The Board confirms the report's integrity and completeness, ensuring transparency in financial disclosures[77]. - The Board acknowledges its responsibility for good governance and ethical leadership, applying the principles of King IV[81]. - The company appointed Richard Stewart as CEO Designate effective March 1, 2025, and he will also serve as Chief Regional Officer for Southern Africa[144]. - The company is committed to strategic and operational knowledge in mining operations and process technologies[141]. Safety and Workforce Diversity - The report emphasizes the importance of safety, with metrics such as the total recordable injury frequency rate (TRIFR) being monitored[48]. - The serious injury frequency rate (SIFR) and total recordable injury frequency rate (TRIFR) were at the lowest levels recorded since 2013[100]. - The percentage of women in the workforce increased to 18%, with 21% of employee promotions awarded to women in South Africa[100]. - The Group's employee and contractor numbers have nearly doubled, increasing by 99.7% since 2013, reflecting positive progress in safety and operational standards[166].
Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW) - 2024 Q4 - Annual Report
2025-04-25 10:57
Financial Performance - The company reported a significant increase in revenue, reaching $400 million, representing a 25% year-over-year growth[1]. - The company reported a net profit margin of 15%, up from 12% in the previous year, reflecting improved operational efficiency[9]. - Cash flow from operations was reported at $M million, representing a Q% increase compared to the same period last year[28]. - The company reported a consolidated EBITDA of $X million for the last financial year, reflecting a Y% increase compared to the previous year[29]. User Growth and Engagement - User data showed a total of 5 million active users, up from 4 million in the previous quarter, indicating a 25% increase[2]. - The company has implemented a new marketing strategy that is projected to increase customer engagement by H% over the next year[28]. Future Guidance and Projections - The company provided guidance for the next quarter, expecting revenue to be between $420 million and $450 million, which translates to a growth rate of 5% to 12.5%[3]. - New product launches are anticipated to contribute an additional $50 million in revenue over the next fiscal year[4]. - The company has provided a revenue guidance of $B billion for the next quarter, indicating a projected growth of C% year-over-year[28]. Strategic Initiatives - Market expansion plans include entering three new countries, projected to increase user base by 15%[6]. - The company completed a strategic acquisition of a smaller competitor for $100 million, expected to enhance market share by 10%[7]. - A strategic acquisition was completed, valued at $G million, which is expected to enhance market share and operational capabilities[28]. Cost Management and Efficiency - Cost reduction strategies are projected to save $10 million annually, improving overall profitability[8]. - The total debt has been reduced by 20% to $200 million, strengthening the company's balance sheet[10]. Research and Development - The company is investing $30 million in research and development for new technologies aimed at enhancing user experience[5]. - The company is investing $F million in R&D for new technologies aimed at enhancing product offerings and improving operational efficiency[28]. Sustainability and Compliance - The company has established a Sustainability Performance Certificate that impacts margin adjustments based on achieved sustainability targets[75]. - The sustainability performance targets and KPIs have been agreed upon, focusing on both injury and non-injury metrics[116]. - The company must provide adequate supporting evidence for any changes in sustainability KPIs or performance targets[118]. Financial Obligations and Conditions - The company reported a revolving loan facility of US$600,000,000 under the Original Facility Agreement[85]. - The company is permitted to incur Financial Indebtedness for general corporate and working capital requirements, not exceeding 7.5% of Consolidated Tangible Net Worth[98]. - The company has a multicurrency revolving loan and standby letter of credit facility with an aggregate amount of up to US$200,000,000 available for commitments[156].
Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW) - 2024 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-02-21 08:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Revenue increased by 7% for the six months ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to higher Rand gold prices and the inclusion of Relden operations [79] - Adjusted EBITDA for the six months was ZAR6.4 billion, maintaining stability for the third consecutive half-year [80] - Profit for the period was $1.3 billion compared to a loss of $45 million for the same period in 2023 [81] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - South African gold operations contributed just under ZAR6 billion in EBITDA for the year, a substantial increase from the prior period [45] - South African PGM operations saw a 16% decline in the PGM basket price year on year, leading to a nearly 60% decrease in EBITDA to ZAR7.5 billion for 2024 [48] - The recycling business contributed ZAR594 million to adjusted EBITDA, with a total revenue of ZAR14 billion for 2024 [24][60] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The average PGM basket price declined by 21% to $988 per ounce, impacting U.S. operations significantly [54] - The South African gold operations experienced a 22% increase in prices, which positively influenced revenue [82] - The average zinc price for the year was USD 2,805 per tonne, significantly higher than the previous year's price [75] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on strategic differentiation and sustainability, emphasizing operational excellence and capital optimization [6][7] - The diversification into battery metals and recycling is a key part of the company's strategy to mitigate risks associated with traditional mining [17][24] - The company aims to enhance its position in Western markets, particularly through strategic metals in North America and Europe [25][29] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about the gold operations' performance due to restructuring benefits and a sustained increase in gold prices [45] - The company acknowledged the challenges posed by declining PGM prices but indicated a positive outlook for future operations [12][15] - Management emphasized the importance of maintaining a strong balance sheet and liquidity to navigate the low PGM price environment [86] Other Important Information - The company has secured significant tax credits in North America, estimated at approximately $2.2 billion for 2023 and $1.6 billion for 2024 [25][26] - A new chrome management agreement with Glencore is expected to optimize value from byproducts and enhance operational synergies [50] - The company is progressing well with the Caliber project, with construction on track and an increase in headcount [66] Q&A Session Summary Question: What are the expectations for gold operations moving forward? - Management expects continued positive output from gold operations into 2025, driven by restructuring benefits and higher gold prices [45] Question: How is the company addressing the challenges in PGM operations? - The company is implementing cost management strategies and restructuring to improve efficiency and reduce costs in PGM operations [48][54] Question: What is the outlook for the recycling business? - The recycling segment is anticipated to grow, with a focus on maintaining access to critical feedstock and leveraging synergies across operations [60]
C5 Capital Signs MOU with Sibanye-Stillwater to Advance Nuclear Energy in South Africa, the United States and Globally
Prnewswire· 2024-11-21 06:00
Group 1: Strategic Partnership - C5 Capital and Sibanye-Stillwater have formed a strategic partnership to develop advanced nuclear energy opportunities in South Africa, the United States, and globally, aiming to optimize opportunities throughout the value chain [1][3] - The partnership will focus on identifying, acquiring, financing, developing, and managing uranium projects and production facilities to supply uranium to Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) [3] Group 2: Company Profiles - Sibanye-Stillwater has a diverse portfolio of operations, projects, and investments across five continents, and is a leading global recycler of PGM autocatalysts with significant uranium mineral resources [2][6] - C5 Capital is a global investment firm specializing in advanced nuclear energy, space, and cybersecurity, with an Energy Security Fund aimed at strengthening the global nuclear value chain [5][6] Group 3: Industry Context - C5 Capital is a member of the World Nuclear Association and has signed the Net Zero Nuclear Industry Pledge, which aims to triple nuclear energy capacity by 2050, with 31 countries endorsing this initiative [4] - The partnership aligns with the growing interest in clean energy and the potential for uranium production to support the nuclear energy sector [5]
Sibanye Stillwater Stock May Have Found The Bottom
Seeking Alpha· 2024-09-18 13:15
Core Insights - The article highlights the availability of high-quality analysis on Wall Street buying and selling ideas through a subscription service called Beyond the Wall Investing, which offers a free trial and a 10% discount [1]. Group 1 - Daniel Sereda is identified as the chief investment analyst at a family office, emphasizing his role in navigating extensive information across various asset classes [1]. - The investing group Beyond the Wall Investing provides access to critical information prioritized by institutional market participants [1].
Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW) - 2024 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2024-09-12 19:42
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company increased its balance sheet strength and liquidity by more than ZAR25 billion or $1.4 billion [13] - The net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio is currently at 1.43 times, which does not include the gold prepay [17] - The company reported a basic loss of ZAR7.5 billion, primarily due to a ZAR7.5 billion impairment of the US PGM operations [20] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The South African PGM operations produced just under 880,000 ounces, a 4% increase year-on-year [30] - The US PGM operations saw a 16% increase in mine PGM production to 238,139 2E ounces, the highest since H2 2021 [43] - Gold operational output declined by about 17% year-on-year to just over 10.7 tons [33] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The 4E and 2E basket prices were down 28% respectively, and the 3E basket price was down 53% for the US PGM recycling operation [24] - The average 2E PGM basket price declined 30% to $977 an ounce [44] - Despite short-term surpluses, lithium demand is expected to double by 2030 [11] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company remains focused on strengthening its balance sheet while increasing liquidity [12] - A significant restructuring of operations has been undertaken to position the company for sustainability in the current price environment [29] - The company is committed to embedding ESG practices into its operations and has advanced its green metal strategy [18] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expects volatility in the short term but believes fundamentals will ultimately drive price appreciation [7] - The company anticipates a robust medium-term outlook for PGMs despite current price pressures [9] - The Keliber Lithium project is fully funded and on track for commissioning in H2 2025, aligning with expected lithium demand growth [38] Other Important Information - The company experienced a cyber-attack in July that impacted its global ICT systems, but operational impact was limited [27] - The restructuring in the US will result in a significant reduction in headcount, with nearly 40% of employees affected [45] - The company is exploring opportunities to leverage existing infrastructure for phosphate deposits [22] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is the outlook for PGM prices? - Management indicated that while there is volatility expected in the short term, they believe the fundamentals will lead to price appreciation as markets tighten [7] Question: How is the restructuring impacting operations? - The restructuring is aimed at reducing costs and improving efficiencies, with a focus on maintaining optionality for higher production in the future [45] Question: What are the expectations for the lithium market? - The company expects lithium demand to double by 2030, with a deficit anticipated starting in 2026/27, aligning with the Keliber project timeline [11][38]
Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW) - 2024 Q2 - Quarterly Report
2024-09-12 13:37
Financial Performance - Revenue declined by 9% to R 55.2 billion (US$2.9 billion) due to lower commodity prices[1] - The company reported a loss of R 7.1 billion (US$0.4 billion), which includes non-cash impairments of R 7.5 billion (US$0.4 billion)[1] - The Group reported a loss of R7.1 billion (US$379 million) for H1 2024, compared to a profit of R7.8 billion (US$427 million) in H1 2023, including a R7.6 billion (US$407 million) impairment of US PGM operations[11] - Group adjusted EBITDA decreased by 53% to R6.6 billion (US$355 million), with the SA PGM operations accounting for 94% of this decline[11] - The Group's credit rating was maintained at BB- by S&P, alleviating concerns about potential dilutive equity capital raises[8] - The Group's actions have resulted in reduced costs and improved profitability across most operations during H1 2024 compared to the previous year[5] - The Group's financial performance reflects challenges in production and market pricing dynamics[26] - The company reported a net loss of $1,781 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to a loss of $1,000 million in the previous period, indicating a deterioration in financial performance[90] Debt and Financing - The net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio stands at 1.43x, well below covenant limits, indicating a strong financial position[1] - Additional debt headroom of approximately R25 billion was achieved through proactive financial transactions since June 2024[5] - The leverage covenant limit for all Group facilities was increased to 3.5x for the period from June 30, 2024, to June 30, 2025, providing significant financial headroom[7] - The Group's net debt increased by R6.8 billion (US$367 million), with a net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio of 1.43x, providing significant financial headroom[11] - The Group secured R1.8 billion (US$100 million) in non-debt financing through a gold prepayment arrangement for 1,497 kilograms of gold, with a potential upside exposure of 28% to higher gold prices[8] - Additional non-debt financing of approximately US$600 million to US$700 million is being pursued, potentially increasing total proforma financing to R36.2 billion (US$2.0 billion) to R38.1 billion (US$2.1 billion)[8] Operational Performance - The South African PGM operations delivered solid operational performance and positive free cash flow[1] - Adjusted EBITDA for the Americas region was US$53 million, showing a significant improvement from a loss of US$18 million[3] - All-in sustaining cost for South African PGM operations was US$1,737 per 2Eoz, reflecting cost management efforts[3] - The Century zinc operation produced 42ktZn with AISC of US$2,228/tZn, and is expected to achieve annual guidance despite disruptions in Q1 2024[10] - The Group's strategic focus remains on operational sustainability and protecting the balance sheet during the current low-price cycle, positioning for future recovery in metal prices[6] - The Group plans further restructuring of US operations to adapt to the lower PGM price environment, with the GalliCam project assessing the potential repurposing of the Sandouville refinery[5] - The Group achieved a Serious Injury Frequency Rate (SIFR) of 2.12 for H1 2024, a 24% improvement from 2.79 in H1 2023[13] Production and Sales - Gold production from SA operations was 10,703 kg (344,109 oz) for H1 2024, 17% lower than H1 2023, with AISC of R1,251k/kg (US$2,078/oz), 18% higher[9] - SA PGM operations produced 828,460 4Eoz, with adjusted EBITDA declining by 60% to R4.8 billion (US$255 million) due to a 28% drop in the average 4E PGM basket price[8] - US PGM operations achieved a 16% increase in 2E mined production for H1 2024 compared to H1 2023, with AISC declining by 23% year-on-year to US$1,343/2Eoz[11] - The average 2E PGM basket price declined by 30% to US$ 977/2Eoz (R18,289/2Eoz), leading to a 49% decrease in adjusted EBITDA to US$ 27 million (R488 million) compared to H1 2023[16] - The Century zinc tailings retreatment operation was acquired on February 22, 2023, and has been included in the Group's results since the effective date of acquisition[6] Capital Expenditure - Capital expenditure for the US PGM operations is estimated to be between US$175 million and US$190 million (R3.1 billion and R3.3 billion) for 2024[12] - The capital expenditure for the Keliber lithium project has been revised lower to €300 million (R5.7 billion) for 2024[12] - Total capital expenditure for the six months ended June 2024 was R4,439 million, compared to R997 million in December 2023 and R2,458 million in June 2023[47] - Project capital for H1 2024 increased significantly to R2.3 billion (US$125 million) primarily for the construction of solar power facilities and regional tailings storage[17] Market Conditions - Average basket price for US PGM underground operations decreased to US$1,390 per 2Eoz[3] - The average PGM basket prices received during H1 2024 were lower, impacting overall adjusted EBITDA[26] - The forecast for 2E mined production from US PGM operations in 2024 is between 440,000 2Eoz and 460,000 2Eoz, with AISC projected between US$1,365/2Eoz and US$1,425/2Eoz[12] - The Group is exploring monetization of SA uranium assets, comprising 32.2 million lbs (U3O8) in the Cooke TSF and 26.9 million lbs (U3O8) in shallow underground resources[9] Strategic Initiatives - The Keliber lithium project is fully funded through €500 million green financing[1] - Benefits from the restructuring of South African gold operations and central services are anticipated from H2 2024[1] - The company is actively pursuing market expansion and new product development to enhance its competitive position in the mining sector[51] - Future outlook remains positive, with management indicating a commitment to sustainable growth and shareholder value enhancement[52] Safety and Environmental Performance - The Group's safety performance improved, achieving a Serious Injury Frequency Rate (SIFR) at its lowest recorded level, with a 43% reduction in the Fatal Injury Frequency Rate (FIFR) to 0.04[5] - The Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate (TRIFR) decreased from 5.46 in H1 2023 to 4.42 in H1 2024, representing a 19% reduction[13] - The Group reported three fatalities in H1 2024, down from six in H1 2023, with a fatal injury frequency rate (FIFR) improving from 0.07 to 0.04[13]
Sibanye Stillwater (SBSW) - 2024 Q2 - Earnings Call Presentation
2024-09-12 13:24
Financial Performance & Restructuring - H1 2024 saw a basic loss of R75 billion (US$397 million) and headline earnings of R137 million (US$7 million)[21] - US PGM operations faced an impairment of R75 billion (US$401 million) due to lower palladium price assumptions[21, 26] - A new restructuring of US PGM operations is initiated to reduce annual production by approximately 200,000 2E ounces from 2025, targeting a 40% reduction in absolute US$ AISC[19, 54] - SA gold operations production declined by 17% to 10,703 kg (344,109 oz), with AISC 18% higher at R1,251k/kg (US$2,078/oz)[28, 41] Balance Sheet & Liquidity - The company increased balance sheet strength and liquidity by > R25 billion/US$14 billion through various initiatives[15] - Net debt: adjusted EBITDA stood at 143x[15, 21] - Gross debt was R342 billion (US$19 billion), 9% lower than at 31 Dec 2023, with cash and cash equivalents of R155 billion (US$08 billion)[21] - Liquidity headroom of R394 billion (US$21 billion) consists of R155 billion (US$08 billion) cash and R239 billion (US$13 billion) undrawn facilities[29, 64] Operational Performance - SA PGM operations achieved 4% higher 4E PGM production of 878,606 4Eoz, but adjusted EBITDA was 60% lower due to a 28% decline in PGM basket prices[38] - US PGM operations saw a 16% increase in 2E mined PGM production to 238,139 2Eoz and a 23% decline in AISC to US$1,343/2Eoz, but the average 2E PGM basket price declined 30% to US$977/oz[52] - Century zinc operation produced 42kt of payable zinc metal, with AISC improving by 8% to US$2,228/tZn compared to H1 2023[48] Strategic Initiatives & Outlook - Keliber lithium project is progressing, with capital forecast for 2024 reduced to €300 million due to timing factors[45, 60] - The company is targeting a BEV growth to 42% share by 2033[12, 71]
Sibanye: Refinancing Likely Strengthens Deep Value Argument
Seeking Alpha· 2024-08-22 18:48
Core Viewpoint - Sibanye Stillwater Limited has secured a refinancing package, providing the company with necessary liquidity during challenging times, despite its underperformance compared to peers in the South African PGM market [3][4]. Group 1: Refinancing Details - Sibanye finalized an R1.8 billion (approximately $101 million) financing deal by exchanging future gold production for a lump sum, committing to deliver 1,497 kg of gold in monthly tranches from October 2024 to November 2026 [5]. - The company extended its revolving credit facility from R550 million to R600 million (an increase of about $27.8 million), maturing in August 2027 with a two-year extension option [5]. - Although the recent raise did not meet the initial target of $500 million, it is viewed as a critical step for interim liquidity [5]. Group 2: Financial Metrics - As of the most recent quarter, Sibanye's total cash was $1.40 billion, with total debt at $2.24 billion, resulting in a debt-to-equity ratio of 79.47% [6]. - The current ratio stands at 1.70, while the quick ratio is at 0.94, indicating a relatively stable liquidity position [6]. Group 3: Operational Performance - The company's U.S. PGM production increased year-over-year, and all-in sustaining costs decreased, leading to positive adjusted EBITDA for that segment [8]. - However, the CEO indicated potential shutdowns of U.S. operations if PGM prices do not recover, highlighting ongoing operational risks [8]. Group 4: Market Conditions - South African inflation has decreased to 4.6% in July 2024, down from 5.1% in June 2024, suggesting a potential interest rate pivot that could benefit mining operations [11][12]. - The upward-sloping futures curves for platinum and palladium, along with a reduction in load-shedding days, are seen as positive indicators for Sibanye's South African operations [10][12]. Group 5: Valuation and Comparisons - Sibanye's forward price-to-book ratio is significantly higher than its current price-to-book ratio, raising concerns, but lower South African discount rates may improve economic profits [17]. - The company's EV/EBITDA ratio of 4.29x is favorable compared to peers like Impala Platinum (5.23x) and Anglo American Platinum (6.74x), indicating a potentially attractive valuation [19][20]. Group 6: Investor Sentiment - Following the refinancing news, Sibanye's stock has shown a positive reaction, increasing by about 7% in the past five trading days, suggesting improved investor sentiment [15][21]. - Despite ongoing risks, the refinancing is viewed as a positive development, with optimism surrounding reduced load-shedding and favorable market conditions for PGM prices [20][21].