Teknova(TKNO)
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Alpha Teknova (NasdaqGM:TKNO) Conference Transcript
2026-03-19 18:02
Summary of Conference Call Company Overview - The company is a key provider of discovery, development, and commercialization reagents for next-generation therapeutics and diagnostics, finishing 2025 with $40.5 million in revenue, representing a 7% growth [1] - The company has over 3,000 active customers, including notable clients like Amgen, and has seen a 25% growth in clinical customer base, now supporting 60 clinical customers and over 70 therapies in clinical trials [1][2] Revenue Breakdown - 24% of revenue comes from cell and gene therapy, with expectations for significant milestones in 2026 and 2027 [2] - The revenue distribution includes: - 50% from biopharma (including CDMOs, biotech, and large pharma) - 30% from tools and diagnostics - 15% from a diverse range of customers including academic, food, and animal health - 5% from non-product revenue [3] Product Categories - The business is divided into two main categories: - **Lab Essentials**: Represents 75% of total revenue, primarily research use only products, with 80% of this being catalog products that are shipped within a day [4][5] - **Clinical Solutions**: Comprises 25% of revenue, with 90% being custom products made under GMP conditions [5] Competitive Advantages - The company differentiates itself through: - A strong link between research and commercial therapeutics, allowing for predictable and stable revenue from Lab Essentials [5] - Ability to handle small batch sizes cost-effectively, which is a growing need in diagnostics and therapeutics [7][8] - Fast turnaround times for custom formulations, often within a week compared to competitors [8][9] - Dynamic capacity to switch between catalog and custom products, optimizing manufacturing resources [11][12] Financial Performance and Projections - The company has maintained revenue despite a challenging market, with a significant reduction in workforce (50% decrease) leading to narrowed losses [22] - Expected to achieve adjusted EBITDA positivity by the end of 2027, with projected revenue between $52 million and $57 million [22] - Each new dollar of revenue is anticipated to contribute about 70% to the bottom line, with gross margins expected to reach 55%-60% as the business scales [23][25] Market Trends and Investments - The company is investing $2 million into expanding its sales force and marketing efforts, indicating confidence in market recovery and growth potential [26] - Biotech funding trends are closely monitored, with a historical lag of 3-4 quarters between funding increases and revenue growth [28] - The company is exploring M&A opportunities and geographic expansion, particularly in Europe, to enhance its product offerings and market reach [29] Customer Base and Growth Strategy - The top 10 customers account for only 18% of revenue, indicating a diverse customer base [18] - The growth strategy focuses on onboarding new clinical customers and expanding existing relationships, particularly in the Clinical Solutions segment [49][50] Conclusion - The company is positioned for significant growth with a solid foundation in its Lab Essentials business and an expanding Clinical Solutions segment, aiming for 20%-25% top-line growth and strong profitability in the coming years [31]
Teknova(TKNO) - 2025 Q4 - Annual Report
2026-03-02 22:10
Financial Position and Tax Attributes - As of December 31, 2025, the company had $90.3 million of U.S. federal and $81.2 million of state net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) available to reduce future taxable income[165]. - For the year ended December 31, 2025, the company recorded a net increase in valuation allowances of $4.5 million, primarily due to additional valuation allowance on certain operating losses not expected to be realizable[167]. - The ability to utilize federal NOLs is limited to 80% of taxable income for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act[165]. - The company may experience ownership changes that could limit its ability to use pre-change NOLs and other tax attributes, potentially resulting in increased future tax liability[166]. - Fluctuations in effective tax rates may adversely affect operating results and cash flows, with potential impacts from changes in tax laws or audits[238][241]. Intellectual Property Risks - The company relies on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard its intellectual property, but faces risks of unintentional or willful disclosure by employees and collaborators[173]. - The company does not currently own any issued patents covering its proprietary products or manufacturing processes, which may hinder its competitive advantage[170]. - Intellectual property litigation could result in substantial expenses and distract personnel from their normal responsibilities, potentially increasing operating losses[182]. - The company may be subject to claims asserting misappropriation of intellectual property, which could necessitate litigation to defend against such claims[183]. - The company’s ability to protect its intellectual property may be compromised in jurisdictions with less favorable laws, impacting its competitive position[172]. - The company faces risks related to intellectual property disputes that could adversely affect its ability to develop and commercialize products[191]. - The company may not be able to establish name recognition based on its trademarks and trade names, impacting its competitive position[186]. - The company may face challenges in enforcing intellectual property rights, which could lead to loss of valuable assets and increased litigation costs[187]. Corporate Governance and Control - THP controls approximately 70.4% of the voting power of the outstanding common stock, allowing it to influence corporate decisions significantly[201]. - The company is classified as a "controlled company" under Nasdaq rules, which allows it to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements[205]. - The company has provisions in its corporate governance documents that could make it more difficult for stockholders to replace current directors or management, potentially affecting stockholder interests[220]. - The company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation, which may limit stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum[223]. - The company has provisions that could discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control, which may negatively impact stockholder value[222]. Financial Obligations and Future Financing - The company expects to use cash on hand to meet current and future financial obligations, including debt service and capital expenditures[195]. - The company may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could exacerbate existing financial risks[198]. - The Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement imposes significant operating and financial restrictions, potentially limiting the company's operational flexibility[199]. - Future capital needs are uncertain, and the company may need to seek additional financing, which may not be secured on favorable terms[234]. - The company may issue preferred stock in the future, which could adversely affect holders of common stock and depress its market price[233]. Market and Stock Performance - An active trading market for the company's common stock may not be sustained, which could limit the ability to sell shares and adversely affect the stock's value[227]. - The company’s operating results and stock price may be volatile, influenced by market conditions and other external factors[248]. - If securities or industry analysts do not publish favorable reports or cease coverage, the stock price and trading volume could decline[250][253]. - The company may face dilution if additional funds are raised through equity or equity-linked securities[235]. Compliance and Reporting - The company is subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which may strain resources and distract management from growth strategies[218]. - The company is classified as an "emerging growth company" and a "smaller reporting company," which allows it to take advantage of reduced disclosure requirements, potentially making its common stock less attractive to investors[211]. - The company has elected to utilize the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, which may complicate financial comparisons with other public companies[213]. - The company will remain an "emerging growth company" until it exceeds $1.235 billion in annual revenue or meets other specified criteria[214]. - The company is not required to have its internal control over financial reporting audited until it is no longer classified as an "emerging growth company," which may affect investor confidence[211]. Legal and Regulatory Risks - Misconduct by employees or partners could result in legal or regulatory sanctions, adversely impacting the company's reputation and financial condition[245]. - The company may face various claims, litigation, or investigations that could adversely affect its business, financial condition, and stock price[254]. - Any claims against the company could harm its reputation and distract management, potentially impacting relationships with employees and customers[254]. - There is no guarantee of success in defending against claims, and insurance policies may not cover all liabilities arising from such matters[254]. - Judgments or settlements from future claims could have a material adverse effect on the company's financial condition and stock price[254]. Shareholder Information - As of December 31, 2025, there are 53,562,154 shares of common stock outstanding, all of which are freely tradeable[229]. - A total of 308,449, 1,321,054, and 3,687,459 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2016 Stock Plan, 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, and 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, respectively[231]. - The company has no current plans to pay regular cash dividends on its common stock, and any future dividends will depend on various factors including financial condition and results of operations[232].
Alpha Teknova, Inc. 2025 Q4 - Results - Earnings Call Presentation (NASDAQ:TKNO) 2026-02-26
Seeking Alpha· 2026-02-27 02:28
Group 1 - The article does not provide any relevant content regarding the company or industry [1]
Teknova(TKNO) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-26 23:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Teknova achieved a top-line revenue growth of 7% in 2025 compared to 2024, with Q4 revenue increasing by 8% to $10.0 million from $9.3 million in Q4 2024 [5][15][16] - Full year revenue for 2025 reached $45 million, up from $37.7 million in 2024 [15][16] - Free cash outflow improved from $13.5 million in 2024 to $9.8 million in 2025, which was better than the guidance of less than $12 million [15][30] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Lab Essentials revenue for 2025 was $31.0 million, a 7% increase from $28.9 million in 2024, with Q4 revenue remaining stable at $6.8 million [16][17] - Clinical Solutions revenue grew by 47% in Q4 2025 to $2.7 million from $1.9 million in Q4 2024, and for the full year, it increased by 8% to $7.7 million from $7.1 million in 2024 [18][19] - The number of Clinical Solutions customers increased from 48 in 2024 to 60 in 2025, while average revenue per customer decreased by 14% to $128,000 [18][19] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported a 25% increase in the number of customers actively buying clinical products, reaching 60 customers [5][6] - Teknova supports at least 70 therapies, with 5 in phase II or later and 12 in phase I, indicating a growth in later-stage therapies [6][7][50] Company Strategy and Development Direction - Teknova aims to become a critical supplier of GMP-grade reagents and expand its presence in high-growth market segments like sequencing and cancer screening [6][9] - The company plans to invest approximately $2 million annually in commercial capabilities to accelerate revenue growth, particularly in emerging segments [10][11] - Teknova expects to achieve adjusted EBITDA positivity by the end of 2027, with a revenue target of $52 million to $57 million [28][29] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about the long-term outlook for end markets, citing an uptick in biotech funding and potential FDA approvals for therapies in 2027 [11][12][33] - The company anticipates that increased biotech funding will positively impact revenue, particularly in custom biopharma products [40][46] - Management highlighted the importance of maintaining a strong cost structure while preparing for growth investments [27][30] Other Important Information - Gross margin improved to 33.2% for the full year 2025, up from 19.2% in 2024, driven by higher revenue and manufacturing efficiency [20][21] - Operating expenses decreased to $30.4 million in 2025 from $33.4 million in 2024, reflecting cost-cutting measures [22][23] Q&A Session Summary Question: Growth drivers in emerging segments - Management discussed the potential of sequencing, spatial genomics, and cancer screening as growth drivers, emphasizing the need for commercial investment to enhance customer relationships and brand awareness [35][36] Question: Revenue segments affected by biotech funding - Management indicated that custom biopharma products are most affected by biotech funding changes, historically representing about 25% of revenue [39] Question: Adjusted EBITDA target for 2027 - Management clarified that achieving positive adjusted EBITDA by the end of 2027 requires reaching a run rate of approximately $13 million to $14 million per quarter [43][45] Question: RUO to GMP customer transition - Management confirmed supporting 60 clinical customers and highlighted the significant revenue increase expected as therapies progress through clinical phases [49][50] Question: Average revenue ramp-up time for new customers - Management noted that the ramp-up time is therapy-dependent, with clinical trials potentially taking several years, but expressed optimism about increasing average revenue as therapies advance [54][56] Question: Impact of FDA guidance on drug development timeframes - Management acknowledged that shorter drug development timelines could positively impact business, especially as more therapies reach commercialization [58][61]
Teknova(TKNO) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-26 23:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Teknova's top-line revenue growth accelerated to 7% in 2025 compared to 2024, with total revenue reaching $45 million, up from $37.7 million [5][15] - The company achieved an 8% revenue growth in Q4 2025, totaling $10 million, compared to $9.3 million in Q4 2024 [15][16] - Free cash outflow improved from $13.5 million in 2024 to $9.8 million in 2025, which was better than the guidance of less than $12 million [15][30] - Gross margin for the full year 2025 was 33.2%, up from 19.2% in 2024, driven by higher revenue and manufacturing efficiency gains [20][24] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Lab Essentials revenue for 2025 was $31 million, a 7% increase from $28.9 million in 2024, with 75% derived from catalog products [16][17] - Clinical Solutions revenue increased by 47% in Q4 2025 to $2.7 million, and for the full year, it was $7.7 million, an 8% increase from $7.1 million in 2024 [18][19] - The number of Clinical Solutions customers grew from 48 in 2024 to 60 in 2025, while average revenue per customer decreased by 14% to $128,000 [18][19] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company supports 60 clinical customers, with 70 therapies, including 5 in Phase 2 or later and 12 in Phase 1, indicating growth in later-stage therapies [6][50] - The company noted an uptick in reported biotech funding in Q4 2025, which could positively impact revenue growth in biopharma-related segments starting in Q4 2026 [11][12] Company Strategy and Development Direction - Teknova aims to become a critical supplier of GMP-grade reagents and expand its presence in private label manufacturing, particularly in life science tools and diagnostics [6][9] - The company plans to invest approximately $2 million annually in commercial capabilities to accelerate revenue growth towards the end of 2026 and into 2027 [10][28] - Teknova expects to achieve adjusted EBITDA positivity by the end of 2027, targeting annualized revenue in the range of $52 million to $57 million [28][29] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about the long-term outlook for end markets, emphasizing the importance of executing the strategy to support the introduction of novel therapies and diagnostics [32] - The company is cautious about the immediate future but sees potential for growth in 2027, contingent on market recovery and successful penetration of new accounts [46][48] Other Important Information - The company has maintained operating expenses below $8 million for seven consecutive quarters, allowing for prudent investments for growth [27] - Teknova's cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $21.3 million as of December 31, 2025, with gross debt at $13.2 million [25] Q&A Session Summary Question: Growth drivers in emerging segments - Management highlighted the importance of commercial investment to expand wallet share and build brand awareness in emerging segments like sequencing and cancer screening [34][35] Question: Revenue segments affected by biotech funding - The custom biopharma segment, representing about 25% of revenue, is most affected by biotech funding changes, with a historical 4-quarter lag observed [37][38] Question: Adjusted EBITDA target for 2027 - Management confirmed the target for positive adjusted EBITDA by the end of 2027, requiring a run rate of approximately $13 million to $14 million per quarter [43][45] Question: RUO to GMP customer transition - Teknova supports 60 clinical customers and expects a significant revenue step-up as therapies progress through clinical phases, with a 30-fold increase in spend from Phase 1 to commercialization [49][50] Question: Average revenue ramp-up time for new customers - The ramp-up time is therapy-dependent, with clinical trials taking several years, but management is optimistic about increasing average revenue as therapies progress [54][56] Question: Impact of FDA guidance on drug development timeframes - Shorter drug development times could positively impact Teknova's business, as more customers move towards commercialization faster [58][60]
Teknova(TKNO) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2026-02-26 23:30
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Teknova's top-line revenue growth accelerated to 7% in 2025 compared to 2024, with total revenue reaching $45 million, up from $37.7 million in 2024 [5][17] - The company improved its free cash outflow from $13.5 million in 2024 to $9.8 million in 2025, significantly better than the guidance of less than $12 million [16][30] - Gross profit for the full year 2025 was $13.4 million, compared to $7.2 million in 2024, with gross margin increasing from 19.2% to 33.2% [20][21] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Lab Essentials revenue was $31.0 million in 2025, a 7% increase from $28.9 million in 2024, with 75% derived from catalog products [18][17] - Clinical Solutions revenue increased by 47% in Q4 2025 to $2.7 million, and for the full year, it was $7.7 million, an 8% increase from $7.1 million in 2024 [19][18] - The number of Clinical Solutions customers grew from 48 in 2024 to 60 in 2025, with average revenue per customer decreasing by 14% to $128,000 [19][20] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported an increase in the number of customers actively buying clinical products to 60, which is 25% more than in 2024 [5] - Teknova's customer retention rate remained high at 95%, with only 18% of total revenue coming from the top 10 Lab Essentials customers in 2025 [9] Company Strategy and Development Direction - Teknova aims to become a critical supplier of GMP-grade reagents and expand into private label manufacturing, particularly in life science tools and diagnostics [6][10] - The company plans to invest approximately $2 million annually in commercial capabilities to accelerate revenue growth, particularly in high-growth market segments [12][29] - Teknova expects to achieve adjusted EBITDA positivity by the end of 2027, with a target of $52 million-$57 million in annualized revenue [29][46] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed optimism about the long-term outlook for end markets, citing an uptick in biotech funding and potential FDA approvals for therapies in 2027 [12][30] - The company anticipates sustainable above-market revenue growth of 20%-25% over the longer term [14] - Management highlighted the importance of customer conversations regarding 2026 orders, although larger orders from Clinical Solutions customers have yet to materialize [27][40] Other Important Information - The company has made significant investments in infrastructure and scalability, which will allow it to generate over $200 million in revenue with limited additional operating expenditures [10] - Teknova's operational efficiency improvements contributed to the increase in gross margins, with a focus on maintaining a cost structure that supports growth investments [21][28] Q&A Session Summary Question: Can you elaborate on the emerging segments like sequencing and cancer screening? - Management indicated that the $2 million investment in commercial capabilities will enhance outreach and branding efforts in these markets, aiming to increase wallet share from existing customers [35][36] Question: Which revenue segments might feel the impact of biotech funding changes first? - The custom biopharma segment, representing about 25% of revenue, is expected to be most affected, with a historical lag of about four quarters between funding changes and revenue impact [38][39] Question: What is the expected revenue step-up per customer transitioning from RUO to GMP? - The average expected revenue increase is about 30-fold from Phase 1 to commercialized therapy, with significant increases as therapies progress through clinical trials [51][52] Question: How does the FDA's push to shorten drug development timelines affect Teknova? - Shorter development timelines could lead to increased spending as therapies reach commercialization faster, benefiting Teknova's business [59][60] Question: What was the total revenue contribution from cell and gene therapy customers in 2025? - Cell and gene therapy-related customers accounted for 24% of total revenue in 2025, consistent with 2024 levels [64]
Teknova(TKNO) - 2025 Q4 - Earnings Call Presentation
2026-02-26 22:30
FINANCIAL RESULTS: Q4:2025 and Full Year 2025 SLIDE SUPPLEMENT NASDAQ: TKNO February 26, 2026 Forward-looking statements and use of non-GAAP financial measures This meeting is for the purpose of familiarizing you with Alpha Teknova, Inc. ("Teknova") and is made for informational purposes only and nothing in the presentation should be viewed, or construed, as "advice". You understand and agree that the fact this meeting has taken place and anything you hear or learn during this meeting is strictly confidenti ...
Teknova(TKNO) - 2025 Q4 - Annual Results
2026-02-26 21:08
Revenue Performance - Full year 2025 total revenue was $40.5 million, up 7% year-over-year, and fourth quarter revenue was $10.0 million, up 8% compared to the same quarter last year[1][3][5]. - Clinical Solutions revenue increased by 47% in the fourth quarter 2025, reaching $2.7 million compared to $1.9 million in the fourth quarter 2024[5]. - Revenue for Q4 2025 was $9,984 million, a 7.7% increase from $9,265 million in Q4 2024[28]. Profitability Metrics - Gross profit for the fourth quarter 2025 was $3.2 million, with a gross margin of 32.5%, up from 23.0% in the fourth quarter 2024[6]. - Gross profit for Q4 2025 reached $3,244 million, compared to $2,128 million in Q4 2024, reflecting a significant improvement[28]. - Adjusted EBITDA for 2025 was negative $6.7 million, an improvement from negative $14.5 million in 2024[14]. - Adjusted EBITDA for Q4 2025 was $(1,769) million, an improvement from $(3,217) million in Q4 2024[33]. Expenses Overview - Operating expenses for the fourth quarter 2025 were $7.9 million, slightly up from $7.8 million in the fourth quarter 2024, but adjusted operating expenses decreased by $0.4 million[7]. - Total operating expenses for Q4 2025 were $7,853 million, slightly up from $7,756 million in Q4 2024[28]. - Research and development expenses for Q4 2025 were $522 million, down from $594 million in Q4 2024[28]. - Sales and marketing expenses increased to $1,794 million in Q4 2025, compared to $1,557 million in Q4 2024[28]. Net Loss and Cash Flow - Net loss for the fourth quarter 2025 was $4.8 million, or negative $0.09 per diluted share, an improvement from a net loss of $5.7 million, or negative $0.11 per diluted share, in the fourth quarter 2024[8]. - Net loss for Q4 2025 was $4,758 million, a decrease from a net loss of $5,719 million in Q4 2024[28]. - Full year 2025 Free Cash Flow was negative $9.8 million, significantly improved from negative $13.5 million in 2024[15]. - Free cash flow for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025 was $(9,794) million, compared to $(13,516) million in 2024[33]. Future Outlook - Teknova anticipates total revenue of $42 million to $44 million for the fiscal year 2026, with Free Cash Outflow expected to be less than $10 million[16]. - The number of Clinical Solutions customers grew by 25% in 2025[3]. Cash and Assets - Total cash and short-term investments at the end of fiscal year 2025 were $21.3 million, with gross debt of $13.2 million[3]. - Cash and cash equivalents increased to $5,912 million as of December 31, 2025, from $3,708 million a year earlier[30]. - Total assets decreased to $103,584 million as of December 31, 2025, down from $118,769 million in 2024[30].
Teknova Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Financial Results
Globenewswire· 2026-02-26 21:01
Core Insights - Alpha Teknova, Inc. reported a total revenue of $40.5 million for the full year 2025, representing a 7% increase year-over-year and aligning with guidance [1][7] - The company anticipates revenue for 2026 to be between $42 million and $44 million [1][16] Financial Performance - Fourth quarter 2025 total revenue was $10.0 million, an 8% increase from $9.3 million in the same quarter of 2024 [1][5] - Lab Essentials revenue for the fourth quarter was $6.8 million, consistent with the previous year, while Clinical Solutions revenue increased by 47% to $2.7 million [5][11] - Full year 2025 gross profit was $13.4 million, up from $7.2 million in 2024, with a gross margin of 33.2% compared to 19.2% in 2024 [12][14] Operating Expenses and Cash Flow - Operating expenses for 2025 were $30.4 million, down from $33.4 million in 2024, reflecting reduced spending in various areas [13] - Free Cash Flow for 2025 was negative $9.8 million, an improvement from negative $13.5 million in 2024 [15][34] - Cash used in operating activities for the full year 2025 was $8.6 million, a decrease from $12.4 million in 2024 [15] Future Outlook - The company aims to achieve Adjusted EBITDA positivity by the end of 2027, supported by increased investments in commercial capabilities [2] - Free Cash Outflow for 2026 is expected to be less than $10 million [2][16] Customer Growth - The number of Clinical Solutions customers grew by 25% in 2025 [7]
Alpha Teknova (TKNO): Investors are Waiting for Leading Indicators to Drive Sales
Yahoo Finance· 2026-02-20 13:24
Core Insights - Conestoga Capital Advisors reported solid returns in US equities for 2025, with double-digit gains across all major indices [1] - The Conestoga Micro Cap Composite returned -1.91% net of fees in Q4 2025 and 16.24% for the full year, underperforming the Russell Microcap Growth Index [1] Company Overview: Alpha Teknova, Inc. (NASDAQ:TKNO) - Alpha Teknova, Inc. is a biotechnology company that provides critical reagents for the development of biopharmaceutical products [3] - As of February 19, 2026, Alpha Teknova's stock closed at $2.09 per share, with a one-month return of -37.05% and a 52-week loss of 71.95% [2] - The company has a market capitalization of $111.876 million [2] Performance and Market Indicators - Alpha Teknova reported a solid quarter, with positive leading indicators in end markets driven by biotech funding and growth with large pharmaceutical companies [3] - Despite positive indicators, these have not yet translated into sales, leading to a cautious investor sentiment regarding early-stage biotech funding [3] Hedge Fund Interest - Alpha Teknova is not among the 30 most popular stocks among hedge funds, with 12 hedge fund portfolios holding the stock at the end of Q3 2025, an increase from 11 in the previous quarter [5] - While the potential of Alpha Teknova as an investment is acknowledged, certain AI stocks are considered to offer greater upside potential and less downside risk [5]