The G20 and the promotion of equal opportunities Tackling the root causes of inequality, exclusion and discrimination 1 f The G20 and the promotion of equal opportunities THE G20 AND THE PROMOTION OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES © OECD 2024 PUBE Tackling the root causes of inequality, exclusion and discrimination This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countri ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report emphasizes the importance of building and maintaining trust in public institutions in Chile, particularly in the context of ongoing socioeconomic and political challenges [5][18][19] - Trust levels in Chilean public institutions have been declining since 2010, which is consistent with trends observed across Latin America [19][35] - The OECD Trust Survey indicates that only 30% of Chileans have high or moderately high trust in the national government, significantly lower than the OECD average [20][21] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report outlines that low trust in public institutions can hinder social cohesion and effective governance, especially in addressing complex challenges [18] - It highlights that trust can be fostered through responsive institutions that meet public expectations and adhere to principles of openness and fairness [18] Trust in Context: Chile - The chapter discusses various socioeconomic, political, and institutional factors that influence public trust in Chile, including economic inequalities and the impact of misinformation [30] Trust in Public Institutions in Chile - The report presents findings from the 2023 OECD Trust Survey, revealing that trust in the national government (30%) and civil service (24%) is below the OECD averages [20] - Trust in the police (52%) and local government (36%) is higher compared to national institutions, while political parties (14%) and Congress (19%) are the least trusted [20] Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions - Key drivers of trust include the government's ability to cooperate with stakeholders, transparency in decision-making, and ensuring that citizens feel their voices are heard [24][25] - The report identifies that perceptions of effective checks and balances are crucial for trust in all public institutions [25] Recommendations for Enhancing Trust - The report suggests five areas for improvement: enhancing public service quality, strengthening government preparedness for complex issues, improving communication with citizens, reinforcing public integrity, and promoting fairness across institutions [26] - Specific recommendations include establishing a common vision for public services, enhancing user experience, and implementing training for front-line civil servants [27][28] Trust and Values in Chile - The report notes that perceptions of fairness are low, with only 39% of Chileans believing their applications for government services would be treated fairly [29] - It emphasizes the need for policies that address economic vulnerabilities and discrimination to foster trust among all population groups [29]

Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Two-Year Follow-Up Report: Portugal (笑)》 This report presents the Working Group on Bribery's summary and conclusions on Portugal's progress on its implementation of Phase 4 recommendations, its foreign bribery enforcement actions, and developments related to the follow-up issues. It was adopted by the OECD Working Group on Bribery during its plenary meeting on 8-11 October 2024. IMPLEMENTING THE OECD ANTI-BRIBERY CONVENTION PHASE 4 TWO-YEAR FOLLOW-UP REP ...

| --- | --- | --- | |---------------------------|-------|----------------------------------------------------------| | | | | | | | | | OECD REVIEW OF THAILAND'S | | | | | | LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR FIGHTING FOREIGN BRIBERY | | | | | | | | OECD Thailand Country Programme Phase II | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | © OECD 2024. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official ...

Measuring and Monitoring the Sustainability of Tourism at Regional Level in Spain OECD Studies on Tourism OECD Studies on Tourism Measuring and Monitoring the Sustainability of Tourism at Regional Level in Spain INDICATOR FRAMEWORK AND COMPILATION GUIDE OECD Studies on Tourism | --- | --- | |-------------------------------|-------| | | | | Measuring and Monitoring | | | the Sustainability of Tourism | | | at Regional Level in Spain | | INDICATOR FRAMEWORK AND COMPILATION GUIDE This document was produced wit ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the public procurement industry in Hungary. Core Insights - The report highlights that public procurement in Hungary accounts for 16.4% of GDP and 33.8% of government expenditure, indicating its significant role in the economy [7] - The Hungarian government has committed to reducing the share of public procurement resulting in single bids to below 15% for both EU and national funded projects [17] - The report emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to improve competition in public procurement, addressing various root causes of low supplier participation [8] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Hungary has a high rate of single-bid procedures, with a drop to 33% in 2022 from around 40% during 2019-2021 [17] - The government is implementing reforms to enhance competition, including a monitoring tool and a performance measurement framework [17][18] Chapter 1: The Role of Competition - Competition is essential for achieving value for money in public procurement, with significant cost savings associated with competitive processes [27] - The prevalence of single-bid procedures is a major concern, with single bidding increasing prices by approximately 9.6% [31] Chapter 2: State of Competition in Hungary - The report analyzes the existing frameworks for measuring competition, including the Single-bid Reporting Tool and the Public Procurement Performance Measurement Framework [45] - It provides an overview of competition levels across various sectors and regions in Hungary [45] Chapter 3: Strengthening Collaboration - The report discusses the need for better coordination among key stakeholders in the public procurement system to enhance competition [21] - It suggests that the government should streamline monitoring and control systems to avoid overlaps and ensure consistent interpretation of laws [21] Chapter 4: Enhancing Capacities - Recommendations include improving the capacities of contracting authorities and bidders to make procurement opportunities more attractive [24] - The report emphasizes the importance of training for both public procurement officials and private sector participants, especially SMEs [24] Chapter 5: Recommendations - The report outlines specific measures for enhancing competition, including mandatory market consultations and action plans for contracting authorities [34] - It stresses the importance of continuous monitoring and assessment of the impact of implemented measures on competition levels [22]

Industry Overview - The report focuses on the competition policy in digital markets, particularly the combined effect of ex ante and ex post instruments in G7 jurisdictions [1][3] - Regulators are increasingly concerned about the market power of large digital platforms and their influence across markets, leading to debates on the effectiveness of competition law enforcement in addressing digital competition concerns [3] - The OECD was tasked with compiling an inventory of legislative reforms aimed at addressing digital competition issues in G7 jurisdictions, with the analysis expanding to non-G7 jurisdictions in 2023 [4] Core Findings - The report highlights the convergence and divergence between regulatory regimes proposed to address digital competition concerns, focusing on key competition issues and enforcement patterns in G7 countries [6] - It analyzes recent antitrust cases to identify problematic conducts and the remedies implemented by competition authorities, with a focus on the complementarities and overlaps between ex ante and ex post instruments [7] - The report also examines the extraterritorial effects of national enforcement activities in digital markets, particularly how platforms' compliance strategies may impact global markets [7] Key Competition Concerns Anti-Steering Practices and MFNs - Anti-steering practices and most-favored-nation (MFN) clauses have been a major focus of competition enforcement, with platforms like Apple and Amazon facing scrutiny for restricting business users from offering better terms or steering consumers to alternative channels [13][14] - Remedies in these cases often require platforms to remove or not enforce anti-steering and MFN provisions, with similar measures being incorporated into ex ante regulations like the EU's Digital Markets Act (DMA) [18][19] Use of Data - The accumulation and use of user data by large platforms have raised competition concerns, particularly around platforms leveraging data to gain unfair advantages in related markets [22] - Enforcement actions have targeted platforms like Amazon and Meta for using non-public data from business users to inform their own retail or advertising decisions, with behavioral commitments being accepted to address these concerns [23][24] Self-Preferencing - Self-preferencing, where platforms favor their own products or services over those of competitors, has been a growing concern, with investigations targeting Amazon, Google, and Apple [30][31] - Remedies in these cases vary, with some jurisdictions considering structural remedies, such as requiring divestitures, to address the underlying conflicts of interest [33] Tying and Bundling Practices - Tying and bundling practices, particularly in mobile operating systems and app stores, have been a longstanding focus of competition enforcement, with Google and Apple facing multiple investigations [37][38] - Remedies have included allowing alternative payment systems and improving interoperability, with ex ante regulations like the DMA also addressing these issues [42] Compliance and Extraterritorial Effects - Platforms generally tailor their compliance measures to the jurisdiction at stake, with limited extraterritorial effects observed [47][48] - However, in some cases, platforms have made global changes in response to enforcement actions, particularly when multiple jurisdictions investigate the same conduct [49][53] - The report notes that platforms' compliance strategies are influenced by the costs and benefits of maintaining differentiated operations across jurisdictions, with potential fragmentation of services and outcomes for users [57][58] Conclusion - The report concludes that ex ante regulations and traditional antitrust enforcement will continue to play complementary roles in addressing competition concerns in digital markets, with ongoing uncertainty about the effectiveness of remedies and compliance strategies [61][62] - International cooperation and knowledge sharing will be critical to mitigate the risks of fragmentation and ensure consistent outcomes across jurisdictions [67]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The Egyptian Goodwill Committee is focused on enhancing child-friendly justice and addressing international parental child abduction cases, with a commitment to improving governance and legal frameworks [7][18]. - The report emphasizes the need for Egypt to consider ratifying the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction to align with international standards and improve cooperation with OECD member states [22][34]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The Goodwill Committee has managed approximately 200 international parental child abduction cases since its establishment in 2000, with around 85 still active [18]. - The review identifies opportunities for reform in governance arrangements, multilateral ratification, and addressing systemic barriers [19]. Assessment and Recommendations - The report outlines three main streams for reform: enhancing governance arrangements, reviewing multilateral ratification, and implementing prevention mechanisms [25]. - Recommendations include including new child justice institutions in the Committee, clarifying roles and responsibilities, and revising the Committee's mandate to prioritize the best interests of the child [30]. Understanding Child Rights and Child Abduction Frameworks - Egypt has ratified key international instruments for child rights, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child [40]. - The report discusses the complexities of international parental child abduction and the need for effective governance frameworks to manage such cases [45][51]. Strengthening the Mandate and Institutional Arrangements - Recommendations include enhancing the Committee's capacity by including the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood and the Child Protection Bureau as permanent members [20]. - The report suggests streamlining access to the Committee's services and improving case management processes [21]. Enhancing Access and Participation - The report highlights the importance of developing a user-friendly communication strategy to raise awareness of the Committee's services [33]. - It also emphasizes the need for procedural improvements to facilitate access and participation in the justice process [4.4]. Considering a Transition to Multilateral Governance - The report recommends that the Government of Egypt assess the viability of ratifying the Hague Convention to strengthen its governance framework [34]. Removing Systemic Barriers and Considering Prevention Mechanisms - The report identifies systemic barriers such as child travel bans and suggests mechanisms to mitigate these issues, including requiring parents to register their contact details upon entry to Egypt [35].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report emphasizes that business as usual is unsustainable, with plastic production projected to rise from 435 million tonnes (Mt) in 2020 to 736 Mt in 2040, while mismanaged waste is expected to increase from 81 Mt in 2020 to 119 Mt in 2040 [29][30] - It highlights the need for stringent policies across the plastics lifecycle to prevent growth in primary plastics production and nearly eliminate plastic leakage to the environment by 2040 [30][31] - The report outlines that global ambition has modest macroeconomic costs, with a projected 0.5% global GDP loss in 2040 compared to the baseline scenario, but with significant environmental benefits [30][31] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report investigates the potential benefits and consequences of varying levels of international policy ambition to tackle plastic pollution, emphasizing that partial measures are insufficient to end plastic pollution [28][29] - It presents a scenario where stringent policies can limit total plastics use to 508 Mt in 2040 and enhance recycling rates to 42%, nearly eliminating mismanaged waste [30][31] Chapter 1: Context and Objectives - The chapter discusses the dual role of plastics in society, providing benefits while also contributing to severe environmental and health issues [36][37] - It notes the international commitment to develop a legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, highlighting the urgency for comprehensive policy approaches [37][38] Chapter 2: Business-as-Usual is Unsustainable - The report projects that plastic waste will grow to 617 Mt by 2040, with significant leakage to the environment increasing to 30 Mt [29][30] - It emphasizes that current policies are inadequate to alter trends in plastic flows and pollution significantly [30][31] Chapter 3: Modelling Policy Packages - The chapter details the modelling framework used to analyze various policy scenarios, focusing on the lifecycle of plastics and the economic activities driving their use [43][44] - It presents ten policy instruments grouped into four pillars aimed at curbing plastic production and enhancing recycling [16][46] Chapter 4: Implications of Policy Scenarios with Partial Ambition - The report indicates that partial ambition scenarios fail to eliminate plastic leakage and can only modestly slow down primary plastics use [30][31] - It highlights the importance of strong policy commitments to achieve significant reductions in mismanaged plastic waste [30][31] Chapter 5: Implications of Policy Scenarios with High Ambition - The report asserts that ambitious integrated policies can decouple economic activity from plastics use and significantly reduce mismanaged plastic waste [30][31] - It emphasizes that all policy pillars are essential in achieving the goal of eliminating plastic waste by 2040 [30][31] Chapter 6: Comparison of Costs Across Scenarios - The analysis shows that policy packages targeting all stages of the plastics lifecycle are more cost-effective at the macroeconomic level [30][31] - It notes that non-OECD countries face higher investment needs to enhance waste management systems [30][31] Chapter 7: Challenges and Priorities - The chapter discusses the need for significant technical, economic, and governance improvements to implement ambitious policies globally [30][31] - It highlights the importance of international cooperation and financing to support developing countries in their policy efforts [30][31]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The document serves as a user guide for the Amended Common Reporting Standard (CRS) XML Schema, which facilitates the automatic exchange of financial account information between tax administrations [6][11] - The CRS is designed to enhance transparency and combat tax evasion by enabling jurisdictions to obtain and exchange financial information on reportable accounts [11][12] - The XML schema is structured to support the reporting requirements of the CRS, including detailed specifications for data elements and their attributes [12][13] Summary by Sections Introduction - The OECD, in collaboration with G20 countries, developed a common standard for reporting and exchanging financial account information [11] - The schema is a technical solution for holding and transmitting information electronically [11][12] CRS Schema Information - The schema includes a message header, details about account holders, and reporting financial institutions [13] - It reuses elements from the FATCA schema, indicating some elements are optional for CRS reporting [15] Guidance on Correction Process - The user guide provides instructions on how to correct data items within a file that can be processed automatically [12][16] Appendix A - Contains diagrams representing the CRS XML Schema with all its elements [17] Appendix B - Includes a glossary of namespaces for the CRS XML Schema [17]