通胀、外贸与房地产视角：在A股转入“慢牛”、房价未显著回升的情景下，长期收益率可能维持震荡

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not mentioned in the provided content 2. Core Views of the Report - In the scenario where the A - share market turns into a "slow - bull" and housing prices do not rebound significantly, long - term bond yields are likely to remain in a volatile pattern, and the low - interest - rate state will basically stay the same [5][84][85]. - In the long run, China is probably in the "bear - steepening" phase of the yield curve as it emerges from the low - interest - rate state, but the speed of "bear - steepening" is uncertain. Long - term yields are expected to rise ahead of short - term yields, and short - term yields will tend to be stable before long - term yields continue to rise [5][84]. - The relationship between China's long - term yields and the real estate cycle has strengthened in recent years. The new 500 billion yuan policy - based financial instruments and the newly issued 500 billion yuan local government debt may ensure that the social financing growth rate at the end of this year is roughly similar to that at the end of the third quarter, without a significant increase [5][84]. - The central bank's decision to resume Treasury bond trading reflects its intention to maintain yield stability, and the bond market's volatile pattern may become more obvious. The base - money injection effect of Treasury bond trading may replace reserve requirement ratio cuts [5][84]. 3. Summaries According to Related Catalogs 3.1 Low - Interest - Rate Period: Japan's Experience - The root cause of low interest rates is generally relatively low financing demand, and low interest rates and low asset values (except for fixed - income assets) are often two sides of the same coin. Japan entered a low - interest - rate era after the asset bubble burst in the 1990s [13]. - From 1990 - 1998, Japan's interest rates declined rapidly. The Bank of Japan cut interest rates 9 times from 1991 - 1995, and the 10 - year Japanese government bond yield dropped from about 8% in 1990 to below 1% in September 1998 [13]. - After 1998, Japanese bond yields entered a new low - level range. Japan's economy remained in a low - inflation state until the post - pandemic period when inflation increased, leading to a turning point in its long - term loose monetary policy [13]. - When the main inflation indicators (such as CPI growth) fluctuate around 0, short - term interest rates like the 1 - year Treasury bond yield may hit the bottom. Japan's CPI mainly fluctuated around 0 from the late 1990s to 2021, and the bond market did not react significantly to tax - induced inflation [16]. - During the low - interest - rate period, Japanese residents' risk appetite was low, and their cash and deposit scales grew rapidly. Japanese financial institutions' risk appetite weakened from the late 1990s to the first decade of the 21st century, with bonds replacing loans to some extent. The Japanese stock market rebounded first, but long - term yields did not rise until both housing and stock prices increased recently [19][21]. - Japan's real estate bubble burst in the 1990s, and housing prices remained low. The household leverage ratio stagnated and then declined in 2000, but increased again after 2020, followed by a real - estate market rebound [23][25]. - The relationship between asset prices and long - term interest rates may be based on the "balance - sheet effect." The bursting of the stock and housing bubbles in Japan led to a decline in long - term interest rates, while their subsequent rebounds may have repaired the household balance sheets [25]. 3.2 China's Bond Market and Inflation - China's recent inflation shows CPI remaining flat and PPI declining, similar to Japan's inflation trend since the early 1990s. Core CPI has stabilized, but food prices have offset core inflation, keeping CPI slightly down year - on - year [28][29]. - Food price growth has been restricted due to slow - growing catering consumption, which may be persistent. Short - term attention should be paid to the impact of climate and pests on the supply of edible agricultural products [30][31]. - PPI has been flat month - on - month and stable year - on - year. Since October 2022, it has declined year - on - year for 36 months, which may be affected by real - estate and export prices. Future PPI trends may affect CPI [35][37]. 3.3 China's Bond Market and Foreign Trade Environment - Since the trade friction this year, China's export volume has not been significantly affected. Exports to the US have declined, but those to the EU have increased, and those to Japan have been stable. Exports to ASEAN have offset the decline in exports to the US, EU, and Japan [41]. - The US's import tariff increase since April has negatively affected its foreign trade. The trade deficit as a percentage of GDP decreased from over 6% in Q1 to 3.5% in Q2, which is related to tariffs and the cooling of the US employment market [43]. - The main risk in the US employment market may come from the real - estate market. Production - type employment in the US private non - farm sector has not recovered to the pre - "subprime mortgage crisis" level, and service - type employment is a lagging variable, while production - type employment may be a leading variable [47]. - The US has recently experienced local credit risk exposure, and mortgage delinquency rates have increased. The impact of US credit risk exposure on trade policies and import demand needs to be analyzed in different scenarios [52][59]. - Although China's overall export volume is growing, the export price index declined year - on - year from July to September. Maintaining an appropriate level of exports to the US is significant for domestic inflation [58]. 3.4 China's Bond Market and Real Estate Market - The relationship between China's long - term yields and the real - estate cycle has strengthened in recent years, with household loan growth as the main transmission mechanism. Since 2021, the slowdown in household loan growth has affected long - term yields [61]. - China's household loan - to - GDP ratio has stabilized recently, similar to Japan's situation during the real - estate price trough. The sales area of commercial residential buildings is still bottom - fishing, and it will take time for the real - estate market to fully rebound [63][64]. 3.5 China's Bond Market and Incremental Policy Tools - Infrastructure investment affects long - term yields from the perspective of capital demand. In recent quarters, the sum of infrastructure and real - estate investment has declined [66]. - The newly established 500 billion yuan policy - based financial instruments and the newly issued 500 billion yuan local government debt are expected to ensure that the social financing growth rate at the end of this year is roughly similar to that at the end of the third quarter, without a significant increase [68][73]. 3.6 China's Bond Market and Monetary Policy: Implications of Resuming Treasury Bond Trading - The central bank's decision to resume Treasury bond trading reflects its intention to maintain yield stability. The price - discovery function of Treasury bond trading is more important than its liquidity - adjustment function [75]. - The resumption of Treasury bond trading may provide a channel for base - money injection, which may replace reserve requirement ratio cuts. Different scenarios of base - money injection will lead to different M2 growth rates [78][79]. 3.7 Conclusion and Outlook - Based on Japan's experience, China's short - term bond yields are mainly determined by monetary policy, while long - term yields are related to real - estate cycles. China's inflation is affected by core CPI, food prices, real - estate, and export prices [26][83]. - For long - term yields, three scenarios are possible: A - share turns "slow - bull" but housing prices do not rebound, long - term yields will fluctuate; A - share rises rapidly and housing prices rebound, long - term yields will rise; A - share has a turning point, long - term yields will fall again. The first scenario is the benchmark scenario [84][85].