Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the escalating global obesity crisis, emphasizing the urgent need for action to address the health challenges posed by obesity, which affects both physical and mental health [6][14]. Group 1: Global Obesity Statistics - As of 2021, 2.11 billion adults and 493 million children and adolescents were affected by overweight or obesity, with projections indicating that by 2050, 60% of adults (approximately 3.8 billion) and 31% of children and adolescents (approximately 750 million) will be affected [6]. - Obesity is linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers, as well as mental health challenges such as depression and anxiety [6]. Group 2: Impact of Obesity on Brain Health - Long-term obesity significantly alters brain structure, functional connectivity, and cognitive levels in adults, with potential reversibility through weight loss [6][9]. - Chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by obesity can damage the brain through multiple biological pathways [7]. - Research indicates that older obese individuals experience more severe brain volume loss compared to younger obese individuals, highlighting the complex dangers obesity poses to brain health [8]. Group 3: Research Findings on Obesity and Cognition - A study utilizing data from 50,538 participants in the UK Biobank analyzed the longitudinal patterns of obesity and their relationship with brain structure and cognitive function [9]. - Participants were categorized into five groups based on their obesity levels over time, revealing that the group with decreasing obesity showed the least negative impact on brain structure and cognitive function [11]. - The study found that the cognitive performance of the weight-decreasing group was similar to that of the low obesity stable group, suggesting that weight loss may help reverse cognitive damage caused by obesity [12]. Group 4: Clinical Implications - The research underscores the importance of long-term monitoring and management of obesity through multi-faceted approaches, providing a scientific basis for early intervention in obesity-related cognitive decline [14].