Core Viewpoint - The article discusses recent research on sepsis, highlighting the importance of anatomical infection sites in determining prognosis and the potential for precision immunotherapy based on specific immune features identified in adult and pediatric patients [4][6]. Group 1: Research Findings - A study published in Nature Immunology reveals anatomical-specific immune features in sepsis, providing candidate targets for precision immunotherapy [4]. - The research utilized multi-omics analysis on samples from 281 adult and pediatric sepsis patients, identifying a CD4+ T cell subset that is enriched in abdominal, pulmonary, and skin sepsis, which exhibits exhaustion characteristics [5]. - The study found that the expression of pro-inflammatory CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells is amplified in adult abdominal and pulmonary sepsis, while pediatric pulmonary sepsis is characterized by proliferative CD14+ monocytes [6]. Group 2: Biomarker Discovery - Another study published in Science Translational Medicine identifies Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 (BMP9) as a potential prognostic biomarker for sepsis, with higher levels at admission correlating with better survival rates [7]. - BMP9 treatment improved outcomes in sepsis mouse models by enhancing macrophage recruitment, phagocytosis, and bacterial clearance [7].