Group 1 - The core concept of public policy is a set of interconnected decisions made by public organizations in specific contexts, which includes value preferences, action goals, and governance tools [1] - Policy feedback theory emphasizes that policies not only result from political systems but also reshape them, focusing on the dynamic interplay between policy and politics [2] - The theory identifies two types of feedback: positive feedback, which maintains or expands the original policy trajectory, and negative feedback, which leads to adjustments or termination of policies [2] Group 2 - The implementation of policies can lead to self-reinforcing effects, where positive feedback creates a favorable policy image, prompting decision-makers to refine and expand existing policies [2] - The duration of a policy's implementation enhances its anchoring effect, leading to path dependence that makes alternative governance models difficult to adopt [2] - In contrast, if negative feedback dominates, it can result in diminishing returns, prompting the exploration of new governance models [2] Group 3 - Decision-makers must continuously improve policy design and promote governance innovation through experimental approaches, especially when faced with anomalies that threaten normal governance [3] - The accumulation of persistent anomalies necessitates adjustments to existing policy routes, potentially undermining the coherence and accuracy of the original paradigm [3] Group 4 - To maintain the legitimacy of public governance, decision-makers should be sensitive to feedback effects and adjust policy goals or methods based on past experiences and new information [4] - Policy formulation typically involves selecting four variables: policy ideology, policy goals, policy tools, and standard settings, with adjustments at the operational level being more straightforward than those at the value level [4] - When a governance model encounters numerous anomalies, decision-makers should remain open to policy experimentation and gather new consensus through social learning to adjust policy routes effectively [4]