Core Viewpoint - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, leading to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline. Current treatments only alleviate symptoms without altering disease progression, while emerging therapies face significant challenges [2]. Group 1: Current Treatments and Limitations - Approved therapies for Alzheimer's, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, only provide symptomatic relief and do not modify disease progression [2]. - Anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies can reduce Aβ plaque burden and slow cognitive decline but have limitations, including low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and ineffectiveness against newly generated Aβ [2]. - Emerging anti-tau therapies also face challenges, including off-target toxicity and poor clinical efficacy [2]. Group 2: Recent Research Developments - A study published by researchers from Sichuan University developed a method called Microglia-Liposome Fusion Extrusion (MiLi-FE) to create microglia-derived nanovesicles that can cross the BBB and co-deliver rapamycin and AR7 to treat Alzheimer's disease [3][4]. - The study confirmed that both macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy are impaired in Alzheimer's disease model mice, which precedes Aβ accumulation and drives disease progression [4]. Group 3: Mechanism and Efficacy of New Approach - The AR@ENV nanovesicles can effectively penetrate the BBB and target inflammatory sites in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, activating both autophagy pathways to enhance the clearance of Aβ and other toxic protein aggregates [5]. - This dual activation restores protein homeostasis and provides significant neuroprotection, improving neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in two different Alzheimer's mouse models [5]. Group 4: Future Implications - The combination of synchronized dual autophagy activation and targeted biomimetic delivery positions AR@ENV as a promising candidate for Alzheimer's treatment. The MiLi-FE platform offers a flexible and scalable method for delivering various therapeutic agents to the central nervous system, potentially expanding its applicability to a range of neurological diseases [7].