Group 1 - Guo Songtao predicted the invasion of Ili by Russia and the failure of Senggelinqin, showcasing his foresight in geopolitical matters [1][2] - His work "Sui Bian Zheng Shi" was banned upon release, reflecting the suppression of innovative thought during the Qing dynasty [2][3] - The Qing court's reliance on Russia for mediation during the Anglo-French invasion further complicated the geopolitical landscape [3][4] Group 2 - The Anglo-French forces captured key locations such as Dagu Fort and Tianjin, leading to a rapid escalation of conflict [5][6] - Senggelinqin prepared for battle with a strategic defense plan involving three lines of defense, but faced significant disadvantages in equipment and tactics against the well-armed Allied forces [7][9] - The battle resulted in catastrophic losses for the Qing army, with 12,000 casualties compared to minimal losses for the Allied forces [11][12] Group 3 - The looting of the Summer Palace began on October 7, 1860, with French troops leading the charge, followed by British forces [15][25] - The destruction of the Summer Palace was not only a military action but also a symbolic act reflecting the historical tensions between East and West [26][31] - The looting and subsequent burning of the Summer Palace marked a significant cultural loss, contrasting with the preservation of Versailles [31][32] Group 4 - The Treaty of Beijing established Tianjin as a commercial port, marking a significant shift in China's foreign relations and territorial integrity [36][37] - The presence of foreign powers in Tianjin represented a critical moment in China's history, leading to a reevaluation of its position in the world [36][40] - The Qing dynasty's response to foreign encroachment initiated a period of reform and modernization, as exemplified by the establishment of the "Changsheng Army" [34][47]