Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the cultural phenomenon of "taboo words" (避讳) in ancient China, highlighting its historical significance and various methods of avoidance used in literature and daily life [4][11][23]. Group 1: Definition and Historical Context - "Taboo words" refer to the practice of avoiding the direct mention of names of rulers, ancestors, and revered figures in ancient Chinese society, which has been documented since the Zhou Dynasty [4][14]. - The practice of avoiding taboo words became more formalized during the Tang and Song dynasties, with specific laws and regulations established to govern its use [16][17]. Group 2: Methods of Avoidance - Common methods of avoiding taboo words include changing characters (改字), leaving characters blank (空字), and reducing strokes in writing (缺笔) [7][8]. - The practice of reducing strokes was first noted in Tang dynasty inscriptions, where characters were intentionally altered to avoid offending the names of emperors [8]. Group 3: Cultural Impact and Examples - The phenomenon of taboo words permeated various aspects of Chinese literature, including classical texts and popular novels, indicating its deep integration into cultural practices [10][19]. - Numerous historical examples illustrate the lengths to which individuals and officials would go to avoid taboo words, including changing names of places and even altering official titles [21][22]. Group 4: Evolution Over Time - The strictness of taboo word practices fluctuated over time, with the Song dynasty seeing the most extensive regulations, while the Yuan and Ming dynasties relaxed these rules significantly [17][18]. - By the Qing dynasty, the avoidance of taboo words became particularly stringent again, with severe penalties for violations [18]. Group 5: Modern Relevance - Today, the practice of avoiding taboo words is largely a historical artifact, serving as a tool for scholars to study ancient texts and understand cultural norms of the past [23].