Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of learning from history to navigate current and future challenges, particularly in the context of China's modernization over the past 180 years [1][6]. Group 1: Historical Context and Lessons - The "Self-Strengthening Movement" is highlighted as a significant reform that transformed China from an agrarian society to an industrial one, but it lacked comprehensive changes in finance, currency, and land, which limited its effectiveness [9][10]. - In contrast, Japan's "Meiji Restoration" implemented a holistic transformation, including constitutional reforms and public education, leading to a more robust modernization process [11][12]. - The article discusses the distinction between modernization (economic growth) and modernity (awakening of individual consciousness), indicating that while China has achieved modernization, the challenge of modernity remains [13][14]. Group 2: Economic Development Phases - The article outlines the phases of China's reform and opening-up, starting with a bottom-up approach that allowed certain regions to prosper first, leading to uneven development [27][28]. - The transition from incremental reforms to comprehensive systemic reforms is noted, particularly from 1992 to 2012, marking a shift in governance from local to central control [30][31]. - The current phase of reform is characterized by the need for continuous adaptation to global economic changes and challenges, particularly in the context of U.S.-China relations [32][33]. Group 3: U.S.-China Relations and Global Dynamics - The article discusses the historical context of U.S. responses to rising powers, drawing parallels between past and present challenges faced by China in the global arena [35][36]. - It highlights the potential for trade wars, technology conflicts, and currency battles as China seeks to assert its position as a leading global economy [38][39]. - The future of China's modernization is framed as a process of restructuring global supply chains and enhancing national production capabilities, with an emphasis on proactive reforms [40][41].