Core Insights - The research published in the journal "Science" reveals a breakthrough in neuroscience, focusing on the core mechanisms of neurotransmitter transmission in the brain using a newly developed millisecond-level imaging technology [1][4] - This study addresses a key controversy in neuroscience that has persisted for half a century, shedding light on the efficient transmission of information in the brain [1] Group 1: Research Development - The research team, led by Professor Bi Guoqiang from the University of Science and Technology of China, collaborated with multiple international teams over fifteen years to develop an in situ cryo-electron microscopy technique with millisecond time resolution [1][2] - The new imaging technology allows for "dynamic freeze-frame" observations of the synaptic transmission process in neurons [1] Group 2: Experimental Findings - Researchers captured structural snapshots of vesicle release at different stages through precise control, identifying a three-stage dynamic process: vesicle "kiss" fusion with the presynaptic membrane, rapid shrinkage to half its surface area, and eventual recovery of most vesicles through "escape," with a minority undergoing "full fusion" [2] - The intermediate shrinkage stage is highlighted as crucial for providing the structural basis for efficient and high-fidelity signal transmission in synapses [2] Group 3: Implications - This breakthrough offers a new perspective for understanding neural information processing and the mechanisms underlying brain functions and related diseases [4]