Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the critical role of mitochondrial calcium transporters, particularly NCLX, in regulating cellular calcium signaling and mitochondrial function, highlighting recent research that elucidates its structure and mechanism [2][3][6]. Group 1: Importance of NCLX - NCLX is essential for preventing mitochondrial calcium overload, which can lead to cell death and is protective against conditions like heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases [3][6]. - Dysfunction of NCLX is linked to various diseases, including heart failure and tumor progression, making its structural and functional understanding vital for advancing knowledge in physiology and disease [3][6]. Group 2: Recent Research Findings - A study published in Nature by a team from Stanford University revealed the structure and mechanism of NCLX, providing insights into its assembly, conformational states, and an unexpected transport function as a H+/Ca2+ exchanger rather than a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger [3][6][12]. - The research utilized cryo-electron microscopy to analyze NCLX, uncovering critical details about its architecture and transport mechanisms [6][12]. Group 3: Research Contributions - The first author of the study, Dr. Fan Minrui, has made significant contributions to the field, having published multiple influential papers on related topics in top-tier journals [4][16][18].