Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the evolution and breeding of peonies in China, highlighting the use of directed hybridization techniques to develop new varieties and the importance of preserving genetic resources. Group 1: Breeding Techniques - The process of hybridization for peony breeding begins with removing the male stamens from a flower and applying pollen from another variety to the female stigma, which is a meticulous process that takes about 10 years to produce a stable new variety [3][4]. - From 2008 to 2014, the National Peony Garden successfully bred over 1.5 million high-quality peony seedlings, resulting in 64 new varieties recognized by the China Flower Association and 16 varieties approved by the Henan Provincial Forestry Variety Approval Committee [3]. Group 2: Importance of New Varieties - The cultivation of new peony varieties is essential to maintain the genetic heritage of Chinese ornamental plants, which have been selectively bred for over 2000 years [4]. - New varieties are developed to extend the flowering period from 20 days to 45 days, meeting market demands and enhancing the peony industry [4]. Group 3: Genetic Resource Preservation - The establishment of a national peony gene bank in Luoyang serves as a repository for genetic resources, biological information, and gene data, collecting 1,365 samples of peony germplasm from both domestic and international sources [5]. - The gene bank allows for broader selection of parent plants, facilitating the breeding of superior offspring, including a new variety that is white with green undertones [5].