Group 1 - The traditional view that materials from the Earth's dense core do not leak is challenged by new research indicating that materials from the core are actually leaking and being pushed to the surface by hot magma plumes [1] - Previous studies suggested that some volcanic rocks might contain materials from the core based on the relative abundance of isotopes of elements like hydrogen and helium, but these elements are not specific to the core [1] - The research team focused on the rare metal ruthenium, which is highly concentrated in the core but extremely rare in the mantle, and found significant differences in the isotopic composition of ruthenium in Hawaiian volcanic rocks compared to the surrounding mantle [1] Group 2 - The latest findings align with expectations based on Earth's geological history, indicating differences in isotopic concentrations among the core, mantle, and crust due to materials left by meteorite impacts [2] - The study highlights the potential of ruthenium isotopes as a new tracer for investigating interactions between the core and mantle, although it is too early to completely rule out other explanations [2]