Core Viewpoint - The newly revised Public Security Administration Punishment Law, effective from January 1, 2026, introduces a clear legal framework for self-defense, marking a significant shift in how self-defense cases are handled in China [1][5]. Summary by Sections Legal Framework - The new law explicitly states that actions taken to stop unlawful infringement are not considered illegal, thus clarifying the boundaries of self-defense [5]. - This revision aims to align with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law, ensuring consistency between the two legal frameworks regarding self-defense [5]. Distinction Between Self-Defense and Mutual Assault - Self-defense must meet three criteria: it must occur in response to an ongoing unlawful act, target only the aggressor, and not exceed necessary limits [5]. - Mutual assault involves both parties having provoked the situation and thus both share responsibility [5]. Definition of Excessive Defense - Excessive defense occurs when the response to unlawful infringement significantly exceeds necessary limits, causing substantial harm [5]. - The assessment of excessive defense considers various factors, including the nature of the unlawful act, the response's timing and method, and the power dynamics between the parties involved [5]. Implications for Legal Cases - The new law provides a clearer legal basis for cases previously deemed mutual assaults, such as the case of a restaurant owner who defended herself against an intoxicated customer [5]. - The law allows for the possibility of reduced penalties for excessive defense, recognizing the context of the situation while maintaining legal accountability [7]. Defense and Harm - The objective of self-defense is to stop unlawful acts, and it is acknowledged that this may result in harm, which does not negate the nature of self-defense [7]. - The concept of "unlimited defense" from criminal law does not apply to the Public Security Administration Punishment Law, which governs less severe violations [7]. Post-Defense Actions - Continuing to attack after the unlawful act has ceased may be classified as excessive defense, leading to potential legal consequences [7].

Core Viewpoint - The newly revised Public Security Administration Punishment Law, effective from January 1, 2026, clarifies the boundaries of legitimate self-defense, addressing previous ambiguities in law enforcement regarding self-defense and mutual fighting [5][16]. Group 1: Key Changes in the Law - Article 19 of the new law explicitly states that actions taken to stop unlawful infringement are not illegal, marking a significant shift in legal interpretation [5][16]. - The revision aims to align with the Criminal Law amendments, ensuring consistency in the self-defense system between the two legal frameworks [6]. - The law introduces clear criteria for legitimate self-defense, which includes time, object, and degree requirements [7][16]. Group 2: Clarification of Self-Defense - Legitimate self-defense must occur during an ongoing unlawful act, targeting only the aggressor, and should not exceed necessary limits [7]. - The concept of "excessive defense" is defined as actions that significantly surpass necessary limits, with assessments based on the nature and intensity of the unlawful act and the context of the defense [8]. Group 3: Practical Implications - The law provides examples, such as a restaurant owner using a beer bottle to defend against an attacking drunk customer, which would now be classified as legitimate self-defense under the new law [11]. - The law allows for reduced penalties for excessive defense, recognizing the circumstances that led to the defensive action [15]. - The revision aims to empower victims to defend themselves without fear of being penalized for retaliating against aggressors, thus promoting a sense of justice and order in society [16][17].