Core Viewpoint - China is leading in foundational research for next-generation computing, raising concerns that U.S. export controls may become ineffective if these research results are commercialized [1][4]. Group 1: Research Output - From 2018 to 2023, China published 160,852 semiconductor-related papers, more than double the U.S. output of 71,688 papers [1]. - China's semiconductor research papers grew by 41% during this period, significantly outpacing India (26%), the U.S. (17%), and South Korea (6%) [1]. - In terms of impactful research, China authored 23,520 papers in the top 10% of citations, nearly half of the total, compared to the U.S. with 10,300 papers [2]. Group 2: Institutional Strength - Among the top 10 institutions publishing semiconductor research from 2018 to 2023, 9 are Chinese [2]. - The report from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning indicates that South Korea's semiconductor technology capabilities are rated lower than China's across various fields [3]. Group 3: Future Implications - U.S. export controls on advanced semiconductors and manufacturing equipment may struggle to contain China's growth as it shifts focus to new semiconductor architectures [4]. - New fields such as neuromorphic computing and optical computing are identified as key growth areas for China's semiconductor research [4]. - Analysts predict that if China successfully commercializes next-generation semiconductor technologies, it could not only catch up to but potentially surpass the U.S. [5].