Core Viewpoint - The evolution of horse figurines in Henan from the Pre-Qin to the Tang Dynasty reflects significant changes in artistic style, political, military, and social dynamics throughout Chinese history. Group 1: Historical Evolution of Horse Figurines - The horse figurines from the Pre-Qin to the Qin Dynasty are characterized by a stable and robust design, primarily used for war chariots, with a large head and short neck [1][3]. - During the Qin to Western Han period, the craftsmanship improved significantly, with more proportionate and detailed designs, including painted ceramic horses [3][4]. - The Han Dynasty marked a peak in horse figurine artistry, emphasizing strength and dynamic beauty, as seen in the famous bronze galloping horse [4][5]. Group 2: Artistic Characteristics Across Dynasties - The Eastern Han period saw horse figurines embodying a sense of leaping and agility, influenced by the mythological concept of horses as spiritual beings [5][6]. - The Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties transitioned to rounder and fuller designs, moving away from the exaggerated styles of the Han [6][8]. - The Sui and Tang Dynasties produced horse figurines with elegant forms and vibrant colors, showcasing a balance of beauty and strength [9][10]. Group 3: Cultural Significance of Horses - In the Tang Dynasty, horse figurines became symbols of nobility and were intricately designed, reflecting the cultural and political significance of horses in society [10][11]. - The Tang Dynasty's three-color glazed horses are notable for their craftsmanship and are seen as a representation of the luxurious lifestyle of the aristocracy [11][12]. - The selection criteria for ceremonial horses during the Tang Dynasty included size, color purity, and temperament, indicating their importance in state rituals [16][17]. Group 4: Decline and Transformation of Horse Figurines - After the Song Dynasty, the quantity of horse figurines decreased, and their designs became smaller and more delicate, reflecting a shift in societal values [20][28]. - The significance of horses in burial practices diminished, with fewer horse representations found in tomb artifacts [28][29]. - The cultural perception of horses evolved, with later representations often lacking the grandeur seen in earlier dynasties [29].