Group 1 - The core idea is that set theory provides a clear and rigorous way to model microservice dependencies and facilitate end-to-end tracing in microservice architectures [2][8] - Each microservice is treated as an element, and their calling relationships form a set, allowing the entire microservice system to be abstracted as a directed graph [3] - Set operations such as union, intersection, and difference can efficiently analyze dependency characteristics among microservices [4][5] Group 2 - End-to-end tracing records and analyzes the ordered set of all service nodes involved in a request, enabling the tracing of complete call chains and identification of anomalies [6] - To enhance understanding of microservice dependencies, it is recommended to visualize the set model, establish standard naming conventions, introduce automation tools, and build knowledge graphs [7] - The application of set theory in managing dependencies, troubleshooting, and optimizing architecture provides a strong theoretical foundation and practical pathways for complex systems [8]