Group 1 - Orizuru Therapeutics is developing a method to transplant pancreatic "islet cells" derived from iPS cells into patients with type 1 diabetes, aiming to reduce the frequency of insulin injections [1][5] - The company plans to initiate clinical trials in Japan and the United States by 2027, with the goal of practical application of this therapy [1][5] - The research is supported by major investors including Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kyoto University Innovation Capital, and Mitsubishi UFJ Bank, and the company was established in 2021 [3] Group 2 - iPS cells, which can differentiate into various cell types, are being increasingly applied in drug research, with other Japanese companies also developing treatments for diseases such as Parkinson's and heart disease [3] - A clinical trial led by doctors at Kyoto University is expected to clarify the safety and partial efficacy of the treatment by 2026, which will inform future international collaborative trials [5]