General Mills (NYSE:GIS) 2026 Conference Transcript
2026-02-17 14:02
General Mills 2026 Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: General Mills (NYSE: GIS) - **Industry**: Food and Beverage, specifically focusing on human food and pet food - **Market Position**: A $19 billion company with eight billion-dollar brands and leading positions across various categories [10][12] Core Messages 1. **Accelerate Strategy**: General Mills is executing its Accelerate Strategy, focusing on enhancing brand remarkability to restore organic sales growth [8][54] 2. **Growth Trends**: Progress has been made in North America Retail and North America Pet, although challenges remain in achieving growth goals [9][54] 3. **Fiscal 2026 Outlook**: The company has adjusted its outlook for fiscal 2026 due to a challenging consumer environment, expecting organic net sales to decline between 1.5% and 2% [17][54] Financial Performance - **Adjusted Operating Profit**: Expected to decline between 16% and 20% in constant currency for fiscal 2026 [17] - **Free Cash Flow**: Anticipated to convert at least 95% of adjusted after-tax earnings into free cash flow [17] - **Cost Savings**: Projected total cost savings of $600 million in fiscal 2026, aimed at offsetting input cost inflation and reinvesting in growth [17][50] Consumer Trends and Market Dynamics 1. **Changing Demographics**: Over 40% of food and beverage sales come from households over 55, with a growing multicultural consumer base [12] 2. **Value Focus**: Increased focus on value among middle and lower-income consumers due to cost of living pressures [12] 3. **Health and Wellness**: Evolving consumer priorities towards functional benefits in food, influenced by trends like GLP-1 medications [13] Innovation and Product Development - **Remarkability Framework**: A structured approach to enhance product, packaging, brand communication, omni-channel execution, and value [11] - **AI Integration**: Leveraging AI for product development and consumer insights, leading to a projected 25% increase in net sales from new products in fiscal 2026 [19][20] - **Product Launches**: New products targeting bold flavors, better-for-you benefits, and familiar comfort foods are expected to drive growth [20][30] Competitive Landscape - **Market Share Gains**: General Mills is gaining or holding share in eight of its top ten categories in North America Retail [24][27] - **Cereal and Pet Food Categories**: The cereal category is facing competition from protein offerings, while the pet food category is expected to grow due to the humanization trend [33][39] Strategic Initiatives 1. **Pricing Strategy**: Adjustments made to base prices across two-thirds of the North America Retail portfolio to improve competitiveness [28] 2. **Holistic Margin Management**: Aiming for 5% savings in fiscal 2026 through efficiency initiatives and supply chain digitization [50] 3. **Capital Allocation**: Focused on reinvesting in the business, maintaining dividends, and strategic acquisitions to enhance growth [52][53] Conclusion - General Mills is navigating a challenging macro environment while focusing on brand remarkability and innovation to drive long-term growth. The company remains committed to its strategic initiatives and is optimistic about future performance despite current headwinds [54][55]
Disc Medicine (NasdaqGM:IRON) Update / briefing Transcript
2026-02-17 14:02
Disc Medicine (NasdaqGM:IRON) Update / briefing February 17, 2026 08:00 AM ET Company ParticipantsDerek Archila - Managing DirectorDouglas Tsao - Managing DirectorJohn Quisel - CEORami Katkhuda - Managing DirectorSean Laaman - Executive DirectorStephen Willey - Managing DirectorWill Savage - Chief Medical OfficerConference Call ParticipantsBulchum Patel - AnalystEvan Seigerman - AnalystKristen Kluska - Equity Research AnalystRoger Song - Senior Equity Research AnalystNone - AnalystNone - AnalystOperatorGood ...
Infosys (NYSE:INFY) 2026 Investor Day Transcript
2026-02-17 06:32
Summary of Infosys Investor AI Day - February 17, 2026 Company Overview - **Company**: Infosys (NYSE: INFY) - **Event**: 2026 Investor AI Day - **Location**: Bengaluru campus Key Industry Insights AI Transition - The current AI transition is fundamentally different from previous technology shifts due to its speed and impact on business operations [4][6][7] - Historical context shows that previous transitions (e.g., PCs, cloud) took longer to reach mass adoption compared to AI, which is rapidly gaining users due to existing infrastructure [5][6] - The AI transition requires a complete overhaul of business operations, moving beyond mere technological upgrades to a fundamental change in how businesses operate [7][8] Legacy System Modernization - Companies can no longer defer the modernization of legacy systems; many are spending 60%-80% of their IT budgets on maintaining outdated systems [9][10] - The need for modernization is driven by financial inefficiencies and increasing security threats [10][11] - AI provides tools for rapid and cost-effective modernization, presenting a significant opportunity for firms like Infosys [11] Deployment Gap - There exists a "deployment gap" where the rapid advancement of AI technology outpaces the ability of enterprises to implement it effectively [17][18] - This gap highlights the need for organizational change, retraining, and a shift in data management practices [17][19] Core Business Strategies AI Services Opportunity - Infosys is actively engaged in AI projects with 90% of its large clients, indicating a robust demand for AI services [32][33] - The company has identified six key areas for growth in AI services: AI strategy and engineering, data for AI, process transformation, legacy modernization, physical AI, and AI trust [36][37] AI-First Value Framework - Infosys has developed an AI-first value framework to guide its service offerings, which includes a detailed breakdown of 30 offerings and 100 sub-offerings [37][38] - The framework emphasizes the integration of AI into existing business processes to drive efficiency and innovation [39] Talent Transformation - Infosys is focusing on reskilling its workforce to meet the demands of AI integration, having recruited 20,000 college graduates in the current year [44][45] - The company aims to build a workforce that is both technically skilled and capable of reimagining workflows [54] Financial Performance - AI services currently represent 5.5% of Infosys's revenue in Q3, with expectations for robust growth in this segment [37] Challenges and Considerations Complexity of AI Integration - Integrating AI into enterprises is complex and requires a deep understanding of existing systems and processes [48][49] - Successful AI implementation involves not just technology but also a cultural shift within organizations [50][51] Unique Client Context - Each enterprise has unique data, processes, and risks, which means AI solutions must be tailored to individual client contexts [52] - Infosys's approach focuses on leveraging its deep client relationships and industry knowledge to unlock value [52] Conclusion - The AI transition presents both challenges and significant opportunities for Infosys and its clients, necessitating a strategic approach to modernization, talent transformation, and AI integration [27][28]
FireFly Metals (OTCPK:MNXM.F) 2026 Conference Transcript
2026-02-17 06:02
FireFly Metals Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: FireFly Metals (OTCPK:MNXM.F) - **Industry**: Metals, specifically copper and gold mining - **Conference Date**: February 17, 2026 Key Points Project Scale and Growth - FireFly has grown its project to **80 million tons** with a **2.2% copper equivalent** grade, which includes a gold credit [2][3] - A high-grade core zone of nearly **20 million tons** is reported at approximately **4% copper equivalent** [3] - The company is actively infilling and expanding its resource base, with expectations to grow beyond the current **80 million tons** [4] Regional Exploration and Value Drivers - FireFly is exploring regional tenements to potentially add another **20 to 80 million tons** to its resource base [4] - The company is focused on de-risking through mining studies and converting inferred resources into measured and indicated (M&I) categories [11][18] - The project has a **1.8 million tons per annum** operation permit, suggesting a potential **45-year mine life** based on current resources [16] Financial Position - FireFly holds **AUD 250 million** in cash, with no debt, no streaming agreements, and minimal royalties, positioning it strongly for growth [7][23] - The company is institutionally owned and has recently been included in the **ASX 300** [6] Recent Developments - FireFly sold its **Pickle Crow** project, containing almost **3 million ounces of gold** at nearly **7 grams per ton**, to Bellavista Resources while retaining a **10% shareholding** [5] - Shareholders will receive free shares in Bellavista, enhancing shareholder value [5] Infrastructure and Operational Advantages - The project benefits from existing infrastructure, including hydroelectric power at **CAD 0.06/kWh**, a nearby port facility, and access to skilled labor [17] - The company is leveraging its historical mining operations to upscale and optimize its current project [16] Future Outlook - FireFly aims to demonstrate the potential for a larger mine through ongoing studies and exploration, with updates expected throughout the year [22][23] - The company is focused on expanding its resource base and exploring regional targets, with multiple drill rigs currently operational [19][23] Market Position - FireFly's Green Bay project is positioned as a significant copper ore body, with **1.4 million tons of actual copper** in the M&I category [20] - Comparisons are made to other mining projects, highlighting the potential for FireFly to be a leading copper producer [21][22] Additional Insights - The mining jurisdiction of Newfoundland and Labrador contributes **32%** of its GDP from mining, indicating a supportive regulatory environment [18] - The company emphasizes the importance of resource growth and operational efficiency as key components of its strategy moving forward [10][19]
Realbotix (OTCPK:XBOT.F) M&A announcement Transcript
2026-02-13 20:02
Summary of Realbotix Investor Call Company Overview - **Company**: Realbotix (OTCPK: XBOT.F) - **Industry**: AI and Robotics Key Points and Arguments 1. **Market Performance**: Despite positive developments, Realbotix has experienced a poor start to the year in terms of share price amidst volatile market conditions [2][4] 2. **Audit Update**: The company is making substantial progress on its audit and expects to meet the deadline by the end of the month [3] 3. **Transaction Announcement**: A recent transaction was announced, which aims to create shareholder value through a reverse takeover of a Nasdaq-listed vehicle [4][8] 4. **Separation of Businesses**: Realbotix plans to separate its adult product business from its commercial AI hardware business to allow each to focus on its specialty [7][11] 5. **Nasdaq Listing Goals**: The company aims to list on Nasdaq to access new shareholders and capital without undergoing a dilutive share consolidation [5][6][8] 6. **Ownership Structure**: Post-transaction, Realbotix will own between 75% and 90% of the new Nasdaq entity, depending on the cash balance at closing [13][16] 7. **Valuation**: The subsidiary being moved to Nasdaq has been valued at over $100 million, which the company believes is not reflected in the current stock price [16][28] 8. **Market Misunderstanding**: There is confusion in the market regarding the transaction, which the company believes is beneficial for shareholders [17][24] 9. **Future Plans**: The company plans to maintain flexibility with the new shares, including options to hold, sell, or distribute shares to existing shareholders [18][19] 10. **Production Capacity**: Realbotix is working on scaling production to meet demand, with plans to increase capacity significantly by the end of 2027 [51][52] Additional Important Information - **Market Position**: Realbotix aims to be the first humanoid robot company listed on Nasdaq, which could enhance its visibility and access to institutional investors [17][23] - **No Inherited Debt**: The deal structure ensures that Realbotix will not inherit any debt or toxic issues from Onco, the company it is merging with [39][40] - **Production Challenges**: The biggest bottleneck currently is production capacity, with high demand for robots but limited ability to deliver [49][52] - **Marketing Strategy**: The company plans to enhance its marketing efforts to better communicate its value proposition and product offerings [35] - **Future Milestones**: Key milestones include increasing production, securing marquee clients, and enhancing brand visibility [29][30] This summary captures the essential points discussed during the investor call, highlighting the company's strategic direction, market challenges, and future opportunities.
Faraday Future Intelligent Electric (NasdaqCM:FFAI) 2026 Extraordinary General Meeting Transcript
2026-02-13 18:02
Summary of Faraday Future Intelligent Electric's Extraordinary General Meeting Company Overview - **Company Name**: Faraday Future Intelligent Electric, Inc. (NasdaqCM: FFAI) [1] Key Points Discussed Meeting Structure and Attendance - The meeting was held on February 13, 2026, at 12:00 PM ET, with members of the board of directors and executive management team present virtually [1] - A total of **205,703,708 shares** were outstanding, including **9 shares of Class A Common Stock**, **6,667 shares of Class B Common Stock**, and **4,451 shares of Series B Preferred Stock** [2] Proposals Voted On 1. **Share Authorization Proposal**: - Proposal to amend the company's charter to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock by approximately **79.8 million**, raising it from **232 million** to **312,285,439** shares - The number of authorized shares of preferred stock to increase from **17,931,000** to **265,000**, resulting in a total of **336,372,700** authorized shares [5] 2. **Name Change Proposal**: - Proposal to change the company's name from Faraday Future Intelligent Electric Inc. to a new name (not specified in the document) - The board recommended approval of this name change [6] 3. **Adjournment Proposal**: - Proposal for one or more adjournments of the special meeting if necessary, particularly if sufficient votes were not received for the proposals [6] Voting Results - Preliminary results indicated that proposals 1 and 3 passed, but some proposals did not receive a sufficient number of votes to pass [9] Additional Important Information - The meeting was conducted in accordance with the proxy statement and rules of conduct for the meeting [1] - Technical support was available for any voting difficulties experienced by stockholders [8] - The actual results of the vote were to be reported within the next four business days [10]
Biogen (NasdaqGS:BIIB) Conference Transcript
2026-02-13 16:32
Biogen Conference Call Summary Company Overview - **Company**: Biogen (NasdaqGS:BIIB) - **Date**: February 13, 2026 - **Focus**: Immunology pipeline, specifically lupus treatments and other autoimmune diseases Key Points Industry Focus - **Lupus Treatment**: Biogen is prioritizing lupus, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), due to its status as a major unmet medical need in drug development [2][5][11] - **Current Pipeline**: The company is developing two late-stage drugs, dapirolizumab and litifilimab, targeting lupus [1][2] Strategic Rationale - **Unmet Need**: Lupus is described as an underserved and heterogeneous disease area, with only 20%-30% of patients in the U.S. receiving biologic therapy [11][13] - **Long-term Commitment**: Biogen has been involved in lupus research for over a decade, indicating a long-term commitment to addressing this disease [5][7] Drug Development Insights - **Dapirolizumab and Litifilimab**: Both drugs aim to address limitations of existing treatments like belimumab and anifrolumab, with a focus on improving efficacy and reducing side effects [11][13] - **Patient-Centric Approach**: The company emphasizes the need for multiple treatment options due to the variability in lupus manifestations among patients [15][17] Mechanism of Action - **Litifilimab**: Targets BDCA2 receptors on plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which are involved in producing interferons that drive inflammation [19][21] - **Clinical Outcomes**: The drug has shown promise in improving overall disease control and specific manifestations like skin and joint symptoms [27][29] Clinical Trial Design - **Endpoints**: Different primary endpoints are used for dapirolizumab (BICLA response) and litifilimab (SRI-4), reflecting their unique mechanisms and patient needs [30][32] - **Durability of Effect**: Both drugs are designed to assess not only immediate efficacy but also the durability of treatment effects over time [52][54] Safety and Special Populations - **Pregnancy Considerations**: Dapirolizumab is noted for its potential safety in pregnant women, as it does not cross the placenta, which is a significant advantage given the demographic affected by lupus [63][65] Competitive Landscape - **Emerging Treatments**: The company acknowledges the upcoming readouts for other oral agents in lupus treatment, indicating a belief in a diverse treatment landscape rather than a winner-takes-all scenario [69][70] - **Future Pipeline**: Biogen is exploring additional oral therapies and has a robust early pipeline to expand treatment options [74] Broader Implications - **B-cell Biology**: The company is also interested in CD38 biology for autoimmune diseases, indicating a strategic focus on multiple indications beyond lupus [106][111] Additional Insights - **Patient Experience**: The discussion highlights the importance of addressing both physical and mental health impacts of lupus, emphasizing the need for effective treatment options that improve quality of life [29][65] - **Regulatory Engagement**: Biogen is actively engaging with regulatory agencies to explore pathways for the use of its therapies in special populations, such as pregnant women [68][69] This summary encapsulates the key discussions and insights from Biogen's conference call, focusing on their strategic direction in lupus treatment and the broader implications for the immunology field.
AbbVie (NYSE:ABBV) Conference Transcript
2026-02-13 16:02
AbbVie Conference Call Summary Company Overview - **Company**: AbbVie (NYSE: ABBV) - **Date**: February 13, 2026 - **Focus**: Discussion on drug development, particularly lutikizumab and RINVOQ for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Key Points Drug Development and Differentiation - **Lutikizumab and RINVOQ**: Targeting HS with a distinct mechanism involving IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, aiming for clinical differentiation from HUMIRA and Cosentyx [1][2] - **Clinical Data**: Phase II data shows strong efficacy in both biologic-experienced and naive patients, indicating potential for differentiation in treatment outcomes [13][21] - **Combination Therapies**: AbbVie is exploring co-formulations and combinations with other assets to enhance treatment efficacy [7][9] Clinical Insights - **Neutrophil Role in HS**: Lutikizumab's bispecific approach targets both IL-1 alpha and beta, which play crucial roles in HS pathology [11][43] - **Efficacy Expectations**: Conventional wisdom suggests biologic-naive patients may show higher efficacy, but AbbVie has observed clinically meaningful effects in TNF-failure populations [17][21] Competitive Landscape - **Other Compounds**: AbbVie is aware of competitors like Sanofi's OX40 bispecific and their implications in HS treatment, particularly regarding immunosuppression risks [23][28] - **Immunogenicity Concerns**: Challenges with anti-TNF bispecifics have been noted, leading AbbVie to focus on novel mechanisms rather than traditional anti-TNFs [34][36] IBD Development - **SKYRIZI and Combinations**: AbbVie is excited about the potential of SKYRIZI in IBD, particularly with combinations involving lutikizumab and TL1A-directed treatments [45][49] - **TREM1 Mechanism**: TREM1 is being evaluated as a novel mechanism for IBD, with potential applications in other fibrotic diseases [60][78] Future Directions - **Biomarker Research**: AbbVie is investigating biomarkers to enhance individualized treatment approaches in IBD, aiming for more targeted therapies [69][70] - **TL1A in Fibrotic Diseases**: The potential for TL1A as an anti-fibrotic agent is being explored, with interest in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis [78][80] Oral IL-23 Development - **Next-Generation Oral Treatments**: AbbVie is developing an oral IL-23 treatment, focusing on higher potency and longer half-life to improve patient adherence compared to existing therapies [81][83] Unique Compounds - **ADC Targeting CD19**: AbbVie is excited about a unique ADC targeting CD19 with a steroid payload, which may offer rapid and durable B-cell depletion [86][91] Additional Insights - **Market Positioning**: AbbVie aims to position its products effectively in the market, leveraging data from ongoing studies to enhance treatment options for patients [68][86] - **Long-Term Strategy**: The company is focused on developing innovative therapies that address unmet medical needs in both HS and IBD, with a strong emphasis on combination therapies and novel mechanisms [56][60]
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (NYSE:TEVA) Conference Transcript
2026-02-13 15:32
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Conference Summary Company Overview - **Company**: Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (NYSE: TEVA) - **Date of Conference**: February 13, 2026 - **Key Speaker**: Dr. Eric Hughes, Chief Medical Officer Core Industry Focus - **Industry**: Pharmaceutical, specifically in immunology and drug development Key Points and Arguments Immunology R&D Efforts - Teva is focusing on validated molecular targets in its immunology R&D, including TSLP/IL-13-directed treatments [1][2][3] - The company has a strong antibody and protein engineering group, enhancing its capabilities in developing biosimilars and innovative drugs [4][5] Targeted Approaches - The company is exploring various combinations of molecular targets to increase the probability of success in drug development [5][6] - Teva is agnostic regarding the source of innovation, whether internal or through business development and collaborations [8][10] IL-15-Directed Antibody (408) - Teva is accelerating its IL-15-directed antibody program, targeting vitiligo and celiac disease with timelines set for 2031 and 2034, respectively [12][13] - The company has secured up to $500 million in R&D funding from Royalty Pharma for the vitiligo program, emphasizing the high costs associated with drug development [19][21] Clinical Development Insights - The phase IIb study for vitiligo will require a safety database of approximately 1,400 patients for FDA approval [22] - The company aims to differentiate its IL-15 treatment from existing therapies by potentially offering a quarterly dosing regimen, contrasting with daily treatments of current options [37][39] Mechanistic Rationale - The mechanism of action for IL-15 in vitiligo involves blocking signals that maintain CD8 positive T-cells, which destroy melanocytes [31][33] - In celiac disease, IL-15 is linked to the proliferation of anti-gut lining cells, and blocking it may prevent damage to the gut lining [45][47] Competitive Landscape - Teva's IL-15 antibody is considered more potent than competitors, with a lower rate of anti-drug antibodies [50] - The company is exploring additional indications for its IL-15 treatment, including atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata [51] Future Developments - Teva plans to submit an IND for the TSLP/IL-13 combination by the end of the year, indicating a proactive approach to advancing its pipeline [85] Additional Important Insights - The company acknowledges the high costs of drug development, with $500 million being a reasonable estimate for a vitiligo program [21] - Safety profiles of new treatments are a significant concern, with IL-15 showing promising tolerability compared to existing JAK inhibitors [44] This summary encapsulates the key discussions and insights from the Teva Pharmaceutical Industries conference, highlighting the company's strategic focus on immunology and its innovative approaches to drug development.
Amgen (NasdaqGS:AMGN) Conference Transcript
2026-02-12 23:02
Summary of Amgen Conference Call - February 12, 2026 Company Overview - **Company**: Amgen (NasdaqGS:AMGN) - **Focus**: Development of innovative therapies for autoimmune diseases and other conditions Key Products and Developments UPLIZNA - **Indications**: Plans to initiate Phase III studies for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) later in 2026 - **Mechanism**: B-cell depleter targeting CD19, effective in conditions driven by pathogenic B-cells - **Market Potential**: - CIDP prevalent pool in the U.S. estimated at 35,000 patients, with 7,000-10,000 new cases annually - AIH likely has a larger patient population, though exact numbers are difficult to ascertain - **Rationale**: Proven effectiveness in similar conditions like IgG4-related disease and generalized myasthenia gravis supports the potential for UPLIZNA in AIH and CIDP [1][2][3][4][6] Daxdilimab - **Indications**: Positive Phase II results in discoid lupus; previously failed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - **Mechanism**: Targets immunoglobulin-like transcript seven protein (ILT-7), depleting plasmacytoid dendritic cells involved in interferon production - **Clinical Results**: - Discoid lupus study met primary endpoint of reduced disease severity at week 24 - Secondary endpoint also showed clinical benefit - **Future Plans**: Considering Phase III study for discoid lupus, with potential for broader indications in autoimmune diseases driven by plasmacytoid dendritic cells [9][10][11][13][16] Dazodalibep - **Indications**: Targeting Sjögren's syndrome with two ongoing Phase III studies - **Mechanism**: Inhibits CD40 ligand, disrupting B-cell activation and downstream inflammatory cascades - **Clinical Management**: Current management is symptomatic; no definitive treatments exist - **Phase II Results**: Showed improvement in disease activity index and patient-reported outcomes, providing confidence for Phase III studies [18][26][29][32] TEZSPIRE - **Indications**: Recently expanded label for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps - **Mechanism**: Targets TSLP, addressing upstream drivers of inflammation, differentiating it from therapies targeting downstream cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) - **Clinical Results**: Phase 3 Waypoint study showed significant reduction in nasal polyp severity and decreased need for surgery - **Market Potential**: High overlap between chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma (approximately 20% of asthma patients also have nasal polyps), enhancing TEZSPIRE's market reach [35][36][37][42][45] Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) - **Unmet Need**: Current treatments are limited, primarily involving proton pump inhibitors and corticosteroids - **Prevalence**: Estimated at 1 in 700 people in the U.S. - **Phase III Study**: Expected data in the second half of 2026, with potential for TEZSPIRE to address this unmet need [47][49][51] Competitive Landscape - **Dazodalibep vs. Nipocalimab**: Dazodalibep is the first therapy to demonstrate efficacy in both subgroups of Sjögren's syndrome in Phase II, with ongoing Phase III studies to confirm its effectiveness [32][34] Future Outlook - **Execution Focus**: Amgen aims to build penetration in existing indications before exploring new ones for TSLP-targeted therapies - **Inhaled TSLP Therapy**: AMG 104, an inhaled TSLP antibody fragment, is in Phase II trials, with potential to provide an alternative to injected biologics for asthma management [65][66][70][74] Conclusion - Amgen is positioned to leverage its innovative therapies across multiple autoimmune conditions, with significant clinical data supporting the efficacy of its products. The company is focused on executing its current strategies while preparing for future opportunities in the evolving therapeutic landscape.