Alpha Group(002292)
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奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2015 Q2 - 季度财报
2015-08-19 16:00
Financial Performance - The company reported a total revenue of 1.2 billion RMB for the first half of 2015, representing a year-on-year increase of 15%[21]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders was 150 million RMB, an increase of 10% compared to the same period last year[21]. - The company's revenue for the reporting period reached ¥1,258,826,708.53, representing a year-on-year increase of 23.02%[31]. - Net profit attributable to shareholders was ¥255,187,924.96, up 49.60% compared to the same period last year[31]. - The net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was ¥166,803,386.61, reflecting a slight increase of 2.49%[31]. - The total revenue for the animation industry reached approximately ¥1.26 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 23.02%[51]. - The gross profit margin for the animation industry improved to 52.93%, up by 5.90% compared to the previous year[51]. - Revenue from animation toys was approximately ¥656.75 million, with a year-on-year growth of 14.12%[51]. - The company reported a significant increase in revenue from the game segment, which grew by 75.88% year-on-year, totaling approximately ¥121.59 million[52]. - The revenue from the domestic market was approximately ¥1.11 billion, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 16.25%[52]. - The total profit for the period was CNY 293,512,407.68, an increase of 60.5% from CNY 182,969,158.50 in the same period last year[157]. - The total comprehensive income for the first half of 2015 was approximately CNY 150.08 million[181]. Investment and Development - The company plans to invest 200 million RMB in new product development and technology research in the upcoming year[21]. - The company is exploring potential acquisitions to enhance its content library and distribution capabilities[21]. - The company plans to acquire 100% equity of Beijing April Star Network Technology Co., Ltd., a leading original animation network platform operator[37]. - The acquisition aims to enhance the company's IP ecosystem by leveraging the "U17" platform, which hosts over 40,000 original comic works[37]. - The company invested in a 20% stake in Beijing Erciyuan Technology Co., which is the largest mobile comic platform in China, focusing on the "Buka" comic app[38]. - The company has established a comprehensive IP ecosystem, focusing on content, media, and advertising integration[53]. - The company aims to enhance its IP portfolio through acquisitions and strategic partnerships, targeting both domestic and international markets[54]. - The company plans to use CNY 4,997.70 million of excess raised funds to supplement the animation derivative production base construction project[73]. Market Strategy and Expansion - The company has outlined a market expansion strategy targeting Southeast Asia, aiming for a 30% growth in that region by the end of 2016[21]. - The company's overseas business revenue doubled in the first half of 2015, exceeding initial targets due to channel expansion and product optimization[40]. - The company has shifted focus towards e-commerce channels due to structural changes in sales channels, impacting the progress of the direct retail project[77]. - The company plans to expand its market presence through new product launches and strategic partnerships in the upcoming quarters[171]. Organizational Changes and Governance - The company has restructured its organization into two business groups: toys and interactive entertainment, to improve management efficiency[49]. - The company has established a sound corporate governance structure in compliance with relevant laws and regulations[90]. - The company has undergone significant organizational changes in its toy value chain channel management to enhance brand image and control quality store resources[72]. - The company has undergone changes in its subsidiary structure, including the addition of new subsidiaries and the renaming of existing ones during the reporting period[191]. Cash Flow and Financial Position - The net cash flow from operating activities was negative at -¥39,992,834.34, a decline of 119.02% year-on-year[34]. - The company's cash and cash equivalents decreased to RMB 653,847,091.02 from RMB 913,887,253.04, reflecting a decline of approximately 28.5%[147]. - The total liabilities increased to CNY 1,538,380,015.69, up from CNY 1,473,346,699.28, representing a growth of approximately 4.4%[149]. - Total equity rose to CNY 2,846,948,329.07, compared to CNY 2,636,719,549.54, reflecting an increase of about 8%[150]. - The total amount of entrusted financial management reached ¥25.8 million, with a reported actual profit of ¥339.19 million during the period[64]. - The company’s cash flow from operating activities was positive, contributing to overall liquidity[171]. Shareholder Information - No cash dividends or stock bonuses will be distributed to shareholders for this period[6]. - The company completed a cash dividend distribution of 0.8 RMB per 10 shares and a capital reserve conversion of 10 shares for every 10 shares held, effective June 2, 2015[84]. - The company plans not to distribute cash dividends or issue bonus shares for the semi-annual period[86]. - The cash dividend policy remains unchanged during the reporting period[85]. - The total balance of unused fundraising as of June 30, 2015, was 34,979.06 RMB, which has since been cleared[74]. Risks and Challenges - The board emphasized the importance of risk management in light of market volatility and changing consumer preferences[6]. - The company reported a net loss for the period recorded at 76,447,000.00, highlighting challenges in profitability[175]. - The company has no significant doubts regarding its ability to continue as a going concern for the next 12 months[193]. Compliance and Reporting - The half-year financial report was not audited[122]. - The financial statements prepared by the company comply with the requirements of the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises issued by the Ministry of Finance on February 15, 2006[195]. - The company's financial statements were approved by the board of directors on August 19, 2015, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements[189].
奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2014 Q4 - 年度财报
2015-04-28 16:00
Financial Performance - The company reported a significant increase in revenue, with a year-on-year growth of 20% in 2014[3]. - The company’s net profit for 2014 was reported at 200 million CNY, representing an increase of 25% year-on-year[3]. - The company achieved operating revenue of CNY 2,429,673,166.54 in 2014, representing a year-on-year increase of 56.45%[24]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders reached CNY 428,012,884.72, an increase of 85.42% compared to the previous year[24]. - The net cash flow from operating activities was CNY 522,773,944.04, showing a significant increase of 252.25% year-on-year[24]. - The company’s total assets as of December 31, 2014, amounted to 1.5 billion CNY, reflecting a growth of 15% compared to the previous year[3]. - The company’s total assets at the end of 2014 were CNY 4,110,066,248.82, up 26.75% from the previous year[24]. - The basic earnings per share increased to CNY 0.68, reflecting a growth of 78.95% year-on-year[24]. - The company’s weighted average return on equity was 20.41%, up from 14.58% in the previous year[24]. Dividend Policy - The company plans to distribute a cash dividend of 0.80 CNY per 10 shares to all shareholders based on the total share capital as of December 31, 2014[5]. - In 2014, the company achieved a net profit of CNY 150,076,324.71, with a cash dividend distribution of CNY 50,555,212.96, representing 11.81% of the net profit attributable to shareholders[120][130]. - The cash dividend for 2014 was set at CNY 0.8 per 10 shares, with a total distribution based on a total share capital of 631,940,162 shares[120][130]. - The company has maintained a consistent cash dividend policy over the past three years, aligning with its "three-year shareholder return plan"[124][127]. - The company did not adjust its cash dividend policy during the reporting period, ensuring compliance with relevant regulations[118]. Market Expansion and Strategy - The company is focused on expanding its market presence and developing new products in the animation and toy sectors[20]. - The company is actively pursuing mergers and acquisitions to enhance its competitive edge in the market[20]. - The company is focusing on a dual-driven strategy of internal growth and external expansion to enhance its IP and entertainment capabilities[33]. - The company aims to enhance its IP ecosystem by integrating excellent IP businesses and focusing on mobile internet and new media projects[103]. - The company intends to strengthen its international presence by increasing investment and acquisition efforts while enhancing integration capabilities[104]. Research and Development - The company’s R&D investment in new technologies and products increased by 30% in 2014[3]. - R&D expenditure reached ¥186,063,929.41, representing 7.66% of operating revenue, an increase from 6.47% in the previous year[53]. - The company launched over 100 new SKUs annually, maintaining a leading position in product design and innovation within the domestic toy industry[53]. Acquisitions and Investments - The company acquired Beijing Aileyou Information Technology Co., Ltd. for CNY 160.05 million to support business expansion and strategic development[97]. - The company acquired 100% of Shanghai Fangcun Information Technology Co., Ltd. for a transaction price of 32.5 million yuan, enhancing its internet business significantly[139]. - The company plans to invest CNY 36.85 million in the Rengency film cooperation project, with CNY 4.59 million already invested[99]. Operational Efficiency - The company has expanded its distribution network, increasing the number of distributors from 318 in 2013 to over 600, thereby enhancing customer service and brand focus[38]. - The company has undergone significant organizational changes in its toy value chain channel management, dividing it into distribution, retail, and e-commerce departments[90]. - The company has adjusted its investment focus towards e-commerce channels due to structural changes in sales channels, resulting in a slow implementation of the direct retail project[94]. Corporate Governance - The company has not faced any significant litigation or arbitration matters during the reporting period, indicating a stable operational environment[135]. - There were no media controversies or significant social safety issues reported during the period, reflecting the company's positive public image[136]. - The company has maintained compliance with its commitments regarding share transfers and competition avoidance[166]. Shareholder Structure - Major shareholder Cai Dongqing holds 49.58% of the shares, totaling 313,344,000 shares, with 235,008,000 shares under pledge[188]. - Cai Xiaodong, another major shareholder, holds 12.40% of the shares, totaling 78,336,000 shares, with 58,752,000 shares under pledge[188]. - The company has a total of 631.94 million shares outstanding after a recent issuance of 17.54 million shares[176]. Financial Integrity - The company did not experience any non-operational fund occupation by controlling shareholders or related parties during the reporting period, ensuring financial integrity[137]. - The company has not engaged in any related party transactions during the reporting period[152]. - The company has not provided any guarantees to related parties during the reporting period[155].
奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2015 Q1 - 季度财报
2015-04-28 16:00
Financial Performance - The company's revenue for Q1 2015 was ¥615,665,085.91, representing a 63.99% increase compared to ¥375,434,601.32 in the same period last year[8] - Net profit attributable to shareholders was ¥79,857,159.80, up 60.21% from ¥49,845,709.65 year-on-year[8] - The net profit after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was ¥85,716,510.93, a 77.04% increase from ¥48,415,474.20 in the previous year[8] - Basic earnings per share increased to ¥0.13, up 62.50% from ¥0.08 in the previous year[8] - Net profit attributable to shareholders increased by 60.21% year-on-year, driven by revenue growth and improved gross margin[33] - The company expects net profit attributable to shareholders for the first half of 2015 to increase by 35.00% to 65.00% compared to the same period in 2014, with an estimated range of 230.28 million to 281.46 million yuan[45] Cash Flow - The company's cash flow from operating activities was negative at -¥97,643,412.93, a decline of 172.33% compared to -¥35,855,354.12 in the same period last year[8] - Cash inflow from operating activities increased by 30.65% year-on-year, reflecting increased sales and cash collection[34] - Cash outflow from operating activities increased by 40.79% year-on-year, mainly due to higher payments for production and procurement[34] Assets and Investments - Total assets at the end of the reporting period were ¥4,151,368,403.48, a 1.00% increase from ¥4,110,066,248.82 at the end of the previous year[8] - The net assets attributable to shareholders were ¥2,626,129,087.09, reflecting a 3.44% increase from ¥2,538,775,769.42 at the end of the previous year[8] - Accounts receivable increased by 38.75% compared to the end of the previous year, attributed to expanded sales scale and increased payment terms[16] - Long-term equity investments grew by 56.46% compared to the end of the previous year, due to an increase in equity investments accounted for using the equity method[19] - Construction in progress increased by 104.23% compared to the end of the previous year, primarily due to the ERP software project construction[20] - Long-term deferred expenses grew by 59.3% compared to the end of the previous year, mainly due to increased office renovation costs during the reporting period[21] Profitability Metrics - Operating revenue increased by 63.99% year-on-year, primarily due to growth in sales of anime toys and mobile games[26] - Gross profit margin increased by 5.71% year-on-year, attributed to the improved gross margin of newly added game business[28] Financial Expenses - Financial expenses increased by 161.35% year-on-year, primarily due to increased interest expenses on short-term loans[30] Other Income - Investment income decreased by 946.22% year-on-year, mainly due to the provision for excess performance rewards related to the acquisition of Beijing Aileyou Information Technology Co., Ltd.[31] - Other comprehensive income decreased by 175.9% year-on-year, primarily due to changes in foreign currency translation differences of overseas subsidiaries[25]
奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2014 Q3 - 季度财报
2014-10-29 16:00
Financial Performance - Net profit attributable to shareholders increased by 113.46% to CNY 118,746,102.38 for the current period[7]. - Operating revenue rose by 71.12% to CNY 676,974,060.30 for the current period[7]. - The company reported a net profit of CNY 289,326,619.74 for the year-to-date, reflecting a 98.37% increase compared to the same period last year[7]. - The net profit attributable to the parent company increased by 98.37%, attributed to revenue growth and improved gross margin[16]. - Basic earnings per share increased by 111.11% to CNY 0.19 for the current period[7]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders for 2014 is expected to range from 392.42 million to 461.67 million RMB, representing a growth of 70% to 100% compared to 2013's net profit of 230.83 million RMB[19]. - The increase in net profit is attributed to healthy development across various business segments and the profit consolidation from acquired companies[19]. Assets and Investments - Total assets increased by 25.36% to CNY 4,065,149,316.92 compared to the end of the previous year[7]. - The company's long-term equity investments surged by 337.49%, mainly due to increased equity method investments[15]. - Long-term equity investments in the consolidated financial statements decreased to 165.65 million RMB from 220.70 million RMB[21]. - Long-term equity investments in the parent company's financial statements decreased to 1,552.71 million RMB from 1,592.71 million RMB[21]. - The ending balance of available-for-sale financial assets in the consolidated financial statements is adjusted to 55.05 million RMB, up from a previous balance of 0[21]. - The ending balance of available-for-sale financial assets in the parent company's financial statements is adjusted to 40.00 million RMB, up from 5.00 million RMB[21]. Cash Flow and Expenses - The net cash flow from operating activities reached CNY 334,676,745.23, a significant increase of 928.22%[7]. - Cash inflow from operating activities increased by 66.20%, reflecting expanded sales and improved collection[16]. - Operating costs rose by 51.98%, primarily driven by the increase in sales[16]. - The company experienced a 207.93% rise in financial expenses, mainly from interest expenses on bonds and foreign currency borrowings[16]. - Deferred income (other current liabilities) increased by 3246.12%, primarily due to increased government subsidies related to assets[15]. - The company’s cash and cash equivalents net increase decreased by 120.30%, mainly due to increased equity investment expenditures[16]. Shareholder Information - The number of ordinary shareholders at the end of the reporting period was 23,616[11]. - The largest shareholder, Cai Dongqing, holds 50.11% of the shares, with 235,008,000 shares pledged[11]. Accounting Policies - The company revised its accounting policies regarding long-term equity investments, resulting in adjustments to financial statements[21]. - The company has not engaged in any securities investments during the reporting period[20].
奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2014 Q2 - 季度财报
2014-08-21 16:00
Financial Performance - The company's operating revenue for the first half of 2014 was CNY 1,023,265,576.45, representing a 55.48% increase compared to CNY 658,125,991.09 in the same period last year[23]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders of the listed company reached CNY 170,580,517.36, an increase of 89.06% from CNY 90,225,466.52 year-on-year[23]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was CNY 162,756,499.46, up 83.29% from CNY 88,795,231.07 in the previous year[23]. - The net cash flow from operating activities surged to CNY 210,258,123.40, a significant increase of 1,647.20% compared to CNY 12,033,974.25 in the same period last year[23]. - Basic earnings per share rose to CNY 0.28, an increase of 86.67% from CNY 0.15 in the previous year[23]. - The total operating income for the animation industry reached approximately ¥1,023.27 million, with a year-on-year growth of 55.50%[43]. - The gross profit margin for the animation industry improved by 3.17% compared to the previous year, reaching 47.03%[43]. - The gross profit margin for the animation film category was 58.61%, despite a year-on-year decrease of 9.50%[43]. Assets and Liabilities - Total assets at the end of the reporting period were CNY 3,762,139,159.47, reflecting a 16.02% increase from CNY 3,242,717,975.85 at the end of the previous year[23]. - The net assets attributable to shareholders of the listed company increased to CNY 2,043,241,550.84, a growth of 20.64% from CNY 1,693,609,568.64 at the end of the previous year[23]. - The total liabilities decreased to RMB 1,579,881,088.39 from RMB 1,646,000,000.00, a reduction of approximately 4.0%[134]. - The total owner's equity at the end of the period was 1,795,848,064.89 CNY, reflecting a change from the previous year's balance[159]. Investments and Acquisitions - The company invested in multiple new business ventures in the gaming sector, including Guangzhou Yeyou Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Sanle Information Technology Co., Ltd.[38]. - The company completed the acquisition of Beijing Aile You Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Fangcun Information Technology Co., Ltd., which are expected to contribute to future revenue growth[38]. - The company established "Shenzhen Aofei Beiken Culture Co., Ltd." to acquire and operate the intellectual property of the well-known Korean animation brand "Bacon Bear"[34]. - The acquisition of 100% equity in Shanghai Fangcunxin Technology Co., Ltd. for CNY 32.50 million is expected to enhance the company's internet business significantly[86]. - The acquisition of 100% equity in Beijing Aileyou Information Technology Co., Ltd. for CNY 36.70 million is anticipated to improve the company's capabilities in network game development and operations[87]. Research and Development - Research and development expenses increased by 31.98% to CNY 65.86 million, attributed to the expansion of business scale and increased R&D investment[33]. - The company has applied for a total of 2,436 patents and 4,210 copyrights, demonstrating its leading position in independent innovation capabilities[50]. Cash Flow and Financial Management - The company reported a significant increase in cash flow from operating activities, reaching CNY 210.26 million, a year-on-year increase of 1,647.20%[33]. - The total amount of entrusted financial management funds reached 6,985 million RMB, with a total return of 51.12 million RMB during the reporting period[57]. - The company reported a year-on-year increase of 4.70% in annualized interest rates for its financial products, with a total investment of 1,600 million RMB[57]. - The company engaged in derivative investments to hedge against foreign exchange risks, with a total initial investment amount of 0 million RMB and a reported loss of -5.41 million RMB from one of the derivative contracts[58]. Corporate Governance and Compliance - The company has maintained compliance with corporate governance standards and has no significant litigation or arbitration matters during the reporting period[82][83]. - The company has not made any adjustments or restatements to previous years' accounting data due to changes in accounting policies or corrections of accounting errors[23]. - The company has not faced any penalties or corrective actions during the reporting period[109]. Shareholder Information - The company’s major shareholders include Cai Dongqing with 50.23% ownership, Cai Xiaodong with 12.56%, and Li Liqing with 7.03%[120]. - The company has maintained its commitment to avoid competition with its major shareholders' other businesses[107]. - The company reported a total of 20,360 common stock shareholders at the end of the reporting period[120]. Future Outlook - The company expects a net profit attributable to shareholders for the first nine months of 2014 to increase by 70% to 100%, ranging from CNY 24.80 million to CNY 29.17 million[75]. - The company plans to strengthen its acquisition efforts and expand its industry footprint based on internal growth[44]. Operational Changes - The company implemented a differentiated management model, providing independent business units with greater operational autonomy to promote healthy business development[41]. - The company has implemented significant organizational changes in its toy value chain channel management to improve marketing network and brand image[65].
奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2014 Q1 - 季度财报
2014-04-28 16:00
广东奥飞动漫文化股份有限公司 2014 年第一季度报告正文 证券代码:002292 证券简称:奥飞动漫 公告编号:2014-031 广东奥飞动漫文化股份有限公司 2014 年第一季度报告正文 1 广东奥飞动漫文化股份有限公司 2014 年第一季度报告正文 第一节 重要提示 一、主要会计数据和财务指标 公司是否因会计政策变更及会计差错更正等追溯调整或重述以前年度会计数据 □ 是 √ 否 | | 本报告期 | 上年同期 | 本报告期比上年同期增减(%) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 营业收入(元) | 375,434,601.32 | 317,756,797.64 | 18.15% | | 归属于上市公司股东的净利润(元) | 49,845,709.65 | 45,200,085.69 | 10.28% | | 归属于上市公司股东的扣除非经常性损 益的净利润(元) | 48,415,474.20 | 43,481,399.19 | 11.35% | | 经营活动产生的现金流量净额(元) | -35,855,354.12 | -51,658,401.27 | 30.59% | | 基本 ...
奥飞娱乐(002292) - 2013 Q4 - 年度财报
2014-04-08 16:00
Financial Performance - The company's operating revenue for 2013 was CNY 1,553,010,630.05, representing a 20.28% increase compared to CNY 1,291,164,910.40 in 2012[21]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders for 2013 was CNY 230,833,244.67, an increase of 27.26% from CNY 181,384,196.09 in 2012[21]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was CNY 217,604,535.05, up 27.06% from CNY 171,264,917.38 in 2012[21]. - The basic earnings per share for 2013 was CNY 0.38, a 26.67% increase from CNY 0.30 in 2012[21]. - The total assets at the end of 2013 were CNY 3,242,717,975.85, a 68.46% increase from CNY 1,924,874,098.35 at the end of 2012[21]. - The net assets attributable to shareholders at the end of 2013 were CNY 1,693,609,568.64, reflecting a 14.5% increase from CNY 1,479,079,998.54 at the end of 2012[21]. - The net cash flow from operating activities for 2013 was CNY 148,408,348.16, a decrease of 39.72% compared to CNY 246,195,871.82 in 2012[21]. - The weighted average return on equity for 2013 was 14.58%, up from 12.75% in 2012[21]. Revenue and Costs - The total revenue for the reporting period reached CNY 155,301.06 million, reflecting a growth of 20.28% year-on-year[31]. - The operating costs increased to CNY 86,741.54 million, which is a year-on-year increase of 8.55%[31]. - The company's operating costs for 2013 amounted to approximately 867.42 million yuan, reflecting an 8.55% increase compared to the previous year[49]. - Sales expenses increased by 57.57% to approximately 198.59 million yuan, driven by the expansion of business scale and rising employee compensation and promotional costs[52]. Investments and Acquisitions - The company has accelerated its acquisition of animation brands and entered the mobile gaming sector through mergers and acquisitions[33]. - The company plans to enhance its acquisition strategy and expand its industry footprint based on its core IP content strategy[66]. - The company has invested a total of ¥589,884,081.40 in external investments during the reporting period, representing a significant increase of 701.38% compared to ¥73,608,168.00 in the same period last year[73]. - The company has established a comprehensive operational model covering all aspects of the animation industry, including content creation and merchandise licensing[67]. Market Strategy and Growth - The brand licensing business has shown steady growth, with significant collaborations with well-known companies and an increase in themed events[36]. - The company has established a clear layout for its entertainment industry strategy, with accelerated investment and acquisitions in mobile terminal businesses[37]. - The company plans to release 3-4 high-quality feature films annually, with the recent releases of "Balala the Fairies" and "Happy Super Man" significantly enhancing brand recognition and achieving both box office and critical success[40]. - The company aims to deepen product innovation and expand its online and offline channels, with a focus on smart products and internet integration[104]. Financial Management and Compliance - The company has committed to fulfilling its corporate social responsibilities, focusing on social harmony and community support[127]. - The company has maintained compliance with the disclosure of the use of raised funds, ensuring timely and accurate reporting[86]. - The company has not faced any administrative penalties or major litigation during the reporting period, indicating a stable operational environment[138][139]. - The company has a clear cash dividend policy, which was established to enhance transparency and protect the rights of minority shareholders[115][116]. Shareholder Information - The company plans to distribute a cash dividend of CNY 1.00 per 10 shares to all shareholders[6]. - The cash dividend for 2013 is set at CNY 1.00 per 10 shares, totaling CNY 61,440,000, based on a total share capital of 614,400,000 shares[126]. - The largest shareholder, Cai Dongqing, holds 51% of the shares, amounting to 313,344,000 shares, with 78,336,000 shares pledged[178]. - The company has a commitment to distribute at least 10% of its distributable profits as cash dividends annually, based on the average distributable profits of the last three years[159]. Corporate Governance - The company has implemented a performance evaluation system for senior management, linking annual salaries to the completion of operational targets[133]. - The company actively engages with investors through various channels, including online Q&A sessions and investor hotlines, to enhance communication and transparency[130]. - The company has established a comprehensive employee welfare system, ensuring compliance with labor laws and providing various insurance benefits[132]. - The company has maintained a stable management structure with no significant changes in shareholding among its directors and supervisors during the reporting period[191].