Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-Q ☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2025 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Delaware 46-5706863 Identification Number) 2450 N Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code) (202) 295-4200 (Registrant's Telephone Numbe ...

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company's revenue for the quarter was $246.2 million, reflecting a sequential decline of $800,000 [12] - EBITDA as adjusted increased sequentially by 7% to $73.5 million, with an adjusted EBITDA margin increasing by 200 basis points to 29.8% [5][12] - The company completed two significant debt transactions, enhancing liquidity, including issuing $600 million of secured notes at a rate of 6.5% [4] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Wavelength revenues for the quarter were $9.1 million, a 150% increase year over year and a sequential increase of 27% [3] - IPv4 leasing revenues increased sequentially by 6.3% to $15.3 million, representing a 40.1% year-over-year increase [5] - Corporate business represented 44.3% of revenues, a decrease of 8.8% year over year, while the NetCentric business increased by 6.8% year over year [14][15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company served 3,529 on-net buildings, with on-net revenue of $132.3 million, a year-over-year decrease of 6% but a sequential increase of 2.1% [15] - Off-net revenue was $102.2 million, reflecting a year-over-year decrease of 8.3% and a sequential decrease of 4.8% [16] - Average price per megabit for the installed base decreased sequentially by 11% to $0.17 and decreased by 30% year over year [16] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to capture 25% of the highly concentrated North American wavelength market and is focused on selling high-margin on-net services [3][9] - The company is nearing the end of grooming unprofitable revenue acquired from Sprint, expecting to return to positive top-line growth in 2025 [9] - The company plans to continue improving sales force productivity and managing underperforming representatives [25] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in returning to positive revenue growth each quarter, primarily driven by on-net services [44] - The company anticipates long-term average revenue growth between 6% and 8%, with EBITDA margins expected to expand by approximately 200 basis points annually [8] - Management noted that the leverage ratio is expected to decline sequentially, with a target to fall below five times over the next six quarters [56] Other Important Information - The company has a backlog of 4,687 wavelength opportunities and has connected 1,675 third-party carrier-neutral data centers [3][6] - The board authorized an additional $100 million buyback program, with a total of $106.4 million available under the buyback program [7] - The company’s capital expenditures for the quarter were $56.2 million, with expectations for a decline in capital spending in the second half of the year [20] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is the target for installed wavelengths by year-end? - Management confirmed the target of 400 to 500 circuits installed per month by year-end, emphasizing the need for quality and timely service delivery [28][30] Question: Can you provide an update on the return to top-line growth? - Management indicated that the rate of revenue decline has materially decelerated and expects to see positive revenue growth each quarter moving forward [42][44] Question: What are the sources of capital for funding dividends? - Management highlighted over $300 million in cash on the balance sheet and indicated that they do not anticipate needing material incremental borrowings to fund dividends or operations [50][56] Question: Where are most wavelength customers coming from? - Approximately 75% of wavelength customers are existing Cogent Transit customers, with 25% being new to Cogent [100] Question: What is the status of data center sales? - Management noted ongoing negotiations with multiple parties and expressed caution regarding the lack of firm deposits from bidders [78][80]

Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company's revenue for the quarter was $246.2 million, reflecting a sequential decline of $800,000 [12] - EBITDA increased sequentially by 11% to $48.5 million, with an adjusted EBITDA of $73.5 million, up by $4.7 million [5][12] - The adjusted EBITDA margin increased by 200 basis points sequentially to 29.8% [6][12] - SG&A expenses declined sequentially by $5.6 million, representing 25% of revenues [6] - The company completed two significant debt transactions, enhancing liquidity with $600 million of secured notes issued at a rate of 6.5% [5] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Wavelength revenues for the quarter were $9.1 million, a 150% increase year-over-year and a 27% sequential increase [4] - IPv4 leasing revenues increased sequentially by 6.3% to $15.3 million, representing a 40.1% year-over-year increase [6] - The corporate business represented 44.3% of revenues, a decrease of 8.8% year-over-year [14] - The NetCentric business represented 39.5% of revenues, increasing by 6.8% year-over-year [15] - The enterprise business represented 16.2% of revenues, a decrease of 19.9% year-over-year [15] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company serves 3,529 on-net buildings, with on-net revenue of $132.3 million, a year-over-year decrease of 6% [15] - Off-net revenue was $102.2 million, a year-over-year decrease of 8.3% [16] - Average price per megabit for the installed base decreased sequentially by 11% to $0.17 [16] - Average revenue per user (ARPU) for on-net was $5.00, off-net was $12.67, and wavelength ARPU was $2.16 [17] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to capture 25% of the North American wavelength market and is focused on selling high-margin on-net services [4][9] - The company anticipates long-term average revenue growth between 6% and 8% and expects EBITDA margins to expand by approximately 200 basis points annually [8] - The company is nearing the end of grooming unprofitable revenue acquired from Sprint, expecting to return to positive top-line growth in 2025 [9] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management noted that the sequential revenue decline improved materially to $800,000 compared to $5.2 million in the previous quarter [9] - The company expects to see positive revenue growth each quarter moving forward, primarily driven by on-net services [45] - Management expressed confidence in achieving a quarterly run rate of $20 million for wavelengths by the fourth quarter [92] Other Important Information - The company has a backlog of 4,687 wavelength opportunities and has connected 1,675 third-party carrier-neutral data centers [7][26] - The board authorized an additional $100 million buyback program, with a total of $106.4 million available under the program [7] - The company reported a bad debt expense of less than 1% of revenues for the quarter [22] Q&A Session Summary Question: What is the target for installed wavelengths by year-end? - Management confirmed the target of 400 to 500 circuits installed per month by year-end, with a current backlog of wavelengths installed but not yet billed [30][33] Question: What is the status of data center sales? - Management reported six total letters of intent for data center sales but expressed caution regarding the lack of meaningful deposits from bidders [36][78] Question: When can the company expect to return to top-line growth? - Management indicated that the rate of revenue decline has materially decelerated and expects to see positive revenue growth each quarter moving forward [43][45] Question: How does the company plan to fund dividend growth? - Management stated that with over $300 million in cash and reduced capital expenditures, there is no anticipated need for material incremental borrowings to fund dividends [51][57] Question: What is the mix of wavelength customers? - Approximately 75% of wavelength customers are existing Cogent Transit customers, with 25% being new to Cogent [99]

Company Performance - Cogent Communications reported a quarterly loss of $1.21 per share, which was worse than the Zacks Consensus Estimate of a loss of $0.93, and compared to a loss of $0.75 per share a year ago, indicating a significant decline in performance [1] - The company posted revenues of $246.25 million for the quarter ended June 2025, surpassing the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 0.28%, but down from $260.44 million in the same quarter last year [2] - Over the last four quarters, Cogent has surpassed consensus EPS estimates two times and topped consensus revenue estimates just once [2] Stock Movement and Outlook - Cogent shares have lost approximately 43.1% since the beginning of the year, contrasting with the S&P 500's gain of 7.9% [3] - The company's earnings outlook is crucial for determining future stock movements, with current consensus EPS estimates at -$0.79 for the coming quarter and -$3.51 for the current fiscal year [4][7] - The estimate revisions trend for Cogent was favorable ahead of the earnings release, resulting in a Zacks Rank 2 (Buy) for the stock, suggesting it is expected to outperform the market in the near future [6] Industry Context - The Wireless National industry, to which Cogent belongs, is currently in the top 35% of over 250 Zacks industries, indicating a favorable industry outlook [8] - Empirical research shows a strong correlation between near-term stock movements and trends in earnings estimate revisions, which can impact Cogent's performance [5]

Exhibit 99.1 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Cogent Contacts: For Public Relations: For Investor Relations: Jocelyn Johnson John Chang + 1 (202) 295-4299 + 1 (202) 295-4212 jajohnson@cogentco.com investor.relations@cogentco.com Cogent Communications Reports Second Quarter Results, Increases its Regular Quarterly Dividend on its Common Stock and Increases its Stock Buyback Program by $100.0 Million Financial and Business Highlights Page 1 of 24 · Service revenue was $246.2 million for Q2 2025 and was $247.0 million fo ...

Financial Performance - Service revenue for Q2 2025 was $246.2 million, a decrease of 0.3% from Q1 2025 and a decrease of 5.5% from Q2 2024 [2] - EBITDA increased by 10.8% to $48.5 million for Q2 2025 from Q1 2025 and increased by 78.8% from $27.1 million for Q2 2024 [1][14] - GAAP gross profit decreased by 0.3% to $33.5 million for Q2 2025, but increased by 10.7% from Q2 2024 [8] - Non-GAAP gross profit decreased by 0.8% to $109.3 million for Q2 2025, while it increased by 4.4% from Q2 2024 [10] Revenue Breakdown - On-net revenue was $132.3 million for Q2 2025, an increase of 2.1% from Q1 2025 but a decrease of 6.0% from Q2 2024 [4] - Off-net revenue was $102.2 million for Q2 2025, a decrease of 4.8% from Q1 2025 and a decrease of 8.3% from Q2 2024 [5] - Wavelength revenue was $9.1 million for Q2 2025, an increase of 27.2% from Q1 2025 and an increase of 149.8% from Q2 2024 [6][15] - Revenue from leasing IPv4 addresses was $15.3 million for Q2 2025, an increase of 6.3% from Q1 2025 and an increase of 40.1% from Q2 2024 [15] Customer Metrics - Total customer connections decreased by 7.8% from June 30, 2024, to 118,730 as of June 30, 2025 [18] - On-net customer connections increased by 0.02% from June 30, 2024, to 87,407 as of June 30, 2025 [18] - Off-net customer connections decreased by 19.9% from June 30, 2024, to 26,239 as of June 30, 2025 [18] - Wavelength customer connections increased by 11.1% sequentially from Q1 2025 [18] Dividend and Stock Buyback - Cogent approved an increase of $0.005 per share to its regular quarterly dividend for a total of $1.015 per share for Q3 2025, marking the fifty-second consecutive quarterly dividend increase [21] - In Q2 2025, Cogent purchased 229,507 shares of its common stock for $11.5 million at an average price of $50.18 per share under its buyback program [23] - An additional 63,487 shares were purchased in July 2025 for $3.1 million at an average price of $48.13 per share [23] Strategic Developments - The acquisition of Sprint has allowed Cogent to construct a wavelength network, expanding its product offerings to include optical wavelength services [20] - As of June 30, 2025, Cogent was offering optical wavelength services in 938 data centers across the United States, Mexico, and Canada [20]

Group 1 - Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. will host a conference call on August 7, 2025, at 8:30 a.m. (ET) to present its operating results for the second quarter of 2025 [1] - A press release with the operating results will be issued at 7:00 a.m. (ET) on the same day [1] - The conference call is accessible via dial-in numbers for U.S. and Canadian callers as well as international callers, with a recommendation to join 15 minutes early [1] Group 2 - Cogent is a facilities-based provider of low-cost, high-speed Internet access and private network services, operating in 292 markets globally [2] - The company is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and offers services primarily to bandwidth-intensive businesses [2] - Additional information about Cogent can be found on its website [2]

Company Overview - Cogent's network carries approximately 20% of all Internet traffic, serving 206 markets across North America, Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Australia[9] - The company serves over 87,200 customer connections, with 69% of revenues from Corporate end users and 31% from Service Provider customers[9] - Cogent focuses on selling Dedicated Internet Access and IP Connectivity, operating a network spanning from Helsinki, Finland to Sydney, Australia[12] Network Infrastructure - The network includes over 58,000 route miles of intercity fiber and over 36,000 miles of intracity fiber in 206 metro markets[12] - Cogent's network is interconnected with over 7,040 different networks and connected to 1,054 data center buildings and 1,769 corporate multi-tenant office buildings[12, 15] - The company has agreements with over 250 building owners (REITs) and operates 54 Cogent data centers with over 606,000 square feet[15] Market Dynamics and Pricing - In the corporate market, the most common On-Net product is 1,000 Mbps for $900/month with a multi-year contract, with typical customers using approximately 12% of purchased capacity[22] - In the NetCentric market, the average price per Mbps was $0.58 in Q4 2019 and $0.53 in Q1 2020, with new sales averaging $0.28 and $0.20 respectively[22] Financial Performance - The company's On-Net revenue for Q1 2020 was $103.5 million, representing a 6.5% year-over-year increase[62] - Off-Net revenue for Q1 2020 was $37.3 million, a decrease of 0.4% quarter-over-quarter[62] - Total revenue for Q1 2020 reached $140.9 million, a 5.1% year-over-year increase[62] - Non-GAAP Gross Margin for Q1 2020 was 60.5%, and EBITDA as adjusted was $50.4 million, representing a 35.8% margin[62] Capital Allocation - Cogent purchased $14 billion of original investment for $60 million through strategic acquisitions[39] - The company has been returning capital to shareholders through share buybacks and dividends, with cumulative totals reaching significant levels from 2005 to Q1 2020[67]

Company Overview - Cogent operates a global network carrying over 20% of all internet traffic[10] - The company provides high-speed internet access, with 69% of revenues from corporate clients and 31% from netcentric clients[10] - Cogent operates in 47 countries across 207 markets[10] Market Opportunity - The potential corporate market includes over 126000 connections[18] - Cogent wins approximately 40% of all corporate proposals[18] - Cogent's network is interconnected with over 7130 access networks[45] Network Infrastructure - The company's network includes over 58000 intercity fiber route miles[45] - Cogent owns 54 data centers with over 606000 square feet[45] - Cogent's network utilization is approximately 30%[45] Financial Performance - In Q2 2020, On-Net revenue was $103.8 million and Off-Net revenue was $37 million[65] - The Non-GAAP Gross Margin in Q2 2020 was 62%[65] - The company has returned over $800 million to shareholders since its IPO[66] Capital Allocation - In 2019, $24 million (43%) of capital expenditure was allocated to new markets, MTOBs, and data centers, while $32.1 million (57%) was for maintenance[64] - Cogent purchased $14 billion of original investment for $60 million through acquisitions[50, 51]

Company Overview - Cogent operates a global network carrying over 20% of all internet traffic[9] - The company's revenue is divided into Corporate (67%) and Netcentric (33%) segments[9] - Cogent operates in 47 countries across 208 markets[9] Market Opportunity - Cogent wins approximately 40% of all proposals in the corporate market[18] - The company interconnects with over 7,220 access networks[42] - Cogent's network has access to approximately 50,000 corporate connections primarily in North America[45] Financial Performance - In Q3 2020, On-Net revenue was $105.1 million, Off-Net revenue was $37.1 million, and Non-Core revenue was $0.1 million[62] - Total revenue in Q3 2020 reached $142.3 million, representing a 3.9% year-over-year increase[62] - Non-GAAP Gross Margin in Q3 2020 was 61.9%[62] - EBITDA as adjusted for Q3 2020 was $54.7 million, with a margin of 38.4%[62] Network Infrastructure - Cogent has agreements with over 250 building owners (REITs)[42] - The company owns 54 data centers with over 606,000 square feet[42] - Cogent's network includes over 58,000 intercity fiber route miles[42]