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Bristow Group (VTOL) – Among the Energy Stocks that Lost This Week
Yahoo Finance· 2025-11-12 02:45
Core Viewpoint - Bristow Group Inc. (NYSE:VTOL) experienced a significant share price decline of 11.17% from November 3 to November 10, 2025, despite a year-to-date increase of nearly 7.5% since the beginning of 2025 [1][5]. Financial Performance - For the third quarter, Bristow Group reported revenue of $386.3 million, which was $13.7 million below estimates. However, the company achieved an EPS of $1.72, exceeding expectations, and its adjusted EBITDA grew by over 10% sequentially, driven by strong performance in Australia and the Americas [3]. - The company raised its FY 2025 adjusted EBITDA guidance to a range of $240 – $250 million and its FY 2026 outlook to $295 – $325 million, indicating a 27% increase over the midpoint for 2025, reflecting strong growth expectations [4]. Market Position - Bristow Group is recognized as a leader in global vertical flight solutions, providing helicopter offshore energy transportation and search and rescue services [2].
Bristow projects 27% adjusted EBITDA growth for 2026 amid supply constraints and government contract ramp-up (NYSE:VTOL)
Seeking Alpha· 2025-11-05 17:22
Core Insights - The article discusses the importance of enabling Javascript and cookies in browsers to ensure proper functionality and access to content [1] Group 1 - The article emphasizes that users may face access issues if ad-blockers are enabled, suggesting the need to disable them for a better experience [1]
Bristow(VTOL) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-05 16:02
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported adjusted EBITDA of $67.1 million in Q3 2025, reflecting strong financial performance despite ongoing supply chain challenges [3] - Total revenues increased by $9.9 million and adjusted EBITDA increased by $6.4 million on a consolidated sequential basis, primarily driven by government services and other services segments [6][10] - The midpoint of the 2026 adjusted EBITDA guidance represents a 27% increase over the midpoint in 2025, indicating robust growth expectations [5][11] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Offshore energy services (OES) segment revenues and adjusted operating income decreased by $2.4 million this quarter, with lower revenues in Europe and Africa due to lower utilization [6][7] - Government services segment revenues increased by $8.4 million, primarily due to the ongoing transition of the Irish Coast Guard contract [8] - Other services revenues increased by $3.8 million, driven by higher activity in Australia [10] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The fleet status for offshore-configured helicopters remains near full effective utilization levels, with constrained new capacity due to shared production lines with military aircraft orders [4] - The company sees positive long-term demand for offshore projects, particularly in deep-water projects, which are expected to receive an increasing share of upstream capital investment [3][56] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company is focused on operational excellence and delivering reliable services while navigating supply chain challenges [3] - The government services business is expected to reach full operational run rate under the Irish Coast Guard contract in 2026, with adjusted operating income nearly doubling year over year [4][11] - The company is also exploring advanced air mobility opportunities, with ongoing trials for all-electric aircraft [62] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed a positive outlook for offshore energy services activity, despite tightening guidance due to supply chain challenges and lower utilization [3][23] - The company anticipates strong performance in the OES segment in 2026, with updated adjusted operating income guidance reflecting a 15% year-over-year increase [11][13] - Management highlighted the importance of maintaining a strong balance sheet and liquidity position while executing capital allocation strategies [14][15] Other Important Information - The company generated approximately $122 million in operating cash flows year-to-date 2025, with unrestricted cash balance at approximately $246 million [13][14] - The company made an additional $25 million of accelerated principal payments on the UKSR debt facility in the current quarter [14] Q&A Session Summary Question: Guidance on OES and market implications - Management acknowledged tightening guidance due to persistent supply chain challenges impacting aircraft availability and fewer aircraft on contract in the North Sea and the US [21][23] Question: Outlook for main OES markets and regions - Management highlighted Brazil, Africa, and the Caribbean as markets with strong growth prospects, while the US market remains stable and the North Sea shows softer activity [25][26][27] Question: Vendor credits and their impact - Management explained that higher vendor credits this quarter were due to increased activity levels and various factors such as aircraft purchases and maintenance contracts [28][29] Question: Aircraft delivery plans and supply chain bottlenecks - Management detailed pending deliveries of aircraft, with five already received for government services and seven under construction for offshore services, while noting ongoing supply chain issues affecting both aftermarket and new deliveries [36][39][40] Question: Capital expenditures outlook for 2026 - Management projected total CapEx of about $100 million for 2026, with expectations of approximately $140 million in free cash flow at the midpoint of guidance [41][42] Question: Advanced mobility trials and developments - Management reported positive progress in advanced mobility trials, including a sandbox project in Norway using all-electric aircraft [43][44] Question: Asset sales and future activity - Management indicated that asset sales are opportunistic, typically involving older assets, and mentioned a recent sale-leaseback transaction [48][51] Question: Future tax outlook - Management discussed a one-time tax benefit related to the release of a valuation allowance on Australian operations, with expectations of a normalized tax rate moving forward [53][54] Question: Focus on exploratory drilling by customers - Management confirmed that there is a focus on exploratory drilling, particularly in deep-water projects, which are expected to attract more capital investment [56][57]
Bristow(VTOL) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-05 16:02
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company reported Adjusted EBITDA of $67.1 million in Q3 2025, reflecting strong financial performance [5] - Total revenues increased by $9.9 million, and Adjusted EBITDA increased by $6.4 million on a consolidated sequential basis [9] - The midpoint of the 2026 Adjusted EBITDA guidance represents a 27% increase over the midpoint in 2025 [8] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Offshore Energy Services (OES) segment revenues and adjusted operating income decreased by $2.4 million this quarter, with lower revenues in Europe and Africa [10] - Government services revenues increased by $8.4 million, primarily due to the transition of the Irish Coast Guard contract [12] - Other services revenues increased by $3.8 million, driven by higher activity in Australia [16] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The fleet status for offshore-configured helicopters remains near full effective utilization levels, with constrained new capacity due to supply chain issues [6] - The U.S. market is stable, while the North Sea market is experiencing softer activity [36][72] - Brazil and Africa are identified as markets with strong growth prospects [34] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company maintains a positive outlook for offshore energy services, expecting increasing capital investment in offshore projects [5] - 2026 is seen as an important inflection point for the government services business, with expected nearly doubling of adjusted operating income year-over-year [7] - The company is focused on advanced air mobility, with ongoing trials and partnerships with OEMs [56][78] Management Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management highlighted persistent supply chain challenges impacting aircraft availability and potential revenue opportunities [31] - The company expects strong performance from the OES segment despite current market conditions in the energy sector [18] - Management anticipates improved margins and earning potential in the government services segment as operations ramp up [19] Other Important Information - The unrestricted cash balance was approximately $246 million, with total available liquidity of $313 million [22] - The company made an additional $25 million of accelerated principal payments on the UKSR debt facility [22] - The company expects total CapEx in 2026 to be about $100 million, with a projected free cash flow of approximately $140 million [53] Q&A Session Summary Question: Guidance in OES and market implications - Management acknowledged tightening guidance due to supply chain challenges impacting aircraft availability and fewer aircraft on contract in certain regions [30][31] Question: Current outlook for main OES markets - Management indicated Brazil and Africa have strong growth prospects, while the North Sea is softer in activity [34][36] Question: Vendor credits and their increase - Management explained that increased activity levels led to a heightened level of vendor credits this quarter [38][39] Question: Aircraft delivery and deployment - Management detailed pending deliveries, including five aircraft for government services and seven offshore-configured AW189s [46][48] Question: Supply chain bottlenecks - Management noted significant supply chain issues affecting both aftermarket support and new deliveries across various helicopter models [49][50] Question: CapEx outlook for 2026 - Management projected total CapEx of about $100 million for 2026, with a healthy free cash flow yield expected [53] Question: Advanced mobility trials updates - Management reported positive progress in advanced mobility trials, including a sandbox project in Norway [54][56] Question: Asset sales and future activity - Management explained opportunistic asset sales and potential for future sale-leaseback transactions [61][64] Question: Future tax outlook - Management discussed a one-time tax benefit and indicated that the effective tax rate will normalize as profitability improves [66]
Bristow(VTOL) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2025-11-05 16:00
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - Bristow reported adjusted EBITDA of $67.1 million in Q3 2025, reflecting a strong financial performance despite ongoing supply chain challenges [3][5] - Total revenues increased by $9.9 million, and adjusted EBITDA increased by $6.4 million on a consolidated sequential basis, primarily driven by government services and other services segments [6][10] - The midpoint of Bristow's 2026 adjusted EBITDA guidance represents a 27% increase over the midpoint in 2025, indicating robust growth expectations [5][16] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - Offshore Energy Services (OES) segment revenues and adjusted operating income decreased by $2.4 million this quarter, with lower revenues in Europe and Africa due to reduced utilization [6][7] - Government services revenues increased by $8.4 million, primarily due to the transition of the Irish Coast Guard contract [8][10] - Other services revenues rose by $3.8 million, mainly due to higher activity in Australia [9][10] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The fleet status for offshore-configured helicopters remains near full effective utilization levels, with tight supply dynamics supporting a positive outlook for the sector [4][16] - The U.S. market is stable with less ad hoc work, while Brazil, Africa, and the Caribbean are experiencing growth [26][27] Company Strategy and Development Direction - Bristow is focused on enhancing its government services business and transitioning to new contracts, with expectations of improved profitability in 2026 [4][12] - The company is also investing in advanced air mobility, with ongoing trials and partnerships aimed at commercializing all-electric and hybrid aircraft [39][52] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed a positive outlook for offshore energy services activity, anticipating increased capital investment in deep-water projects [3][47] - Supply chain challenges are impacting aircraft availability, but the company expects working capital to improve as these constraints subside [13][37] Other Important Information - Bristow's unrestricted cash balance was approximately $246 million, with total available liquidity of $313 million [13][14] - The company made an additional $25 million of accelerated principal payments on the UKSR debt facility, totaling $40 million for the year [14][15] Q&A Session Summary Question: Guidance on OES and market implications - Management acknowledged tightening guidance due to persistent supply chain challenges affecting aircraft availability and fewer contracts in the North Sea and U.S. [21][22] Question: Outlook for main OES markets - Management highlighted Brazil, Africa, and the Caribbean as growth markets, while the North Sea is experiencing softer activity [25][26] Question: Vendor credits and their impact - Management explained that higher vendor credits this quarter were due to increased activity and various factors related to aircraft purchases and maintenance contracts [28][29] Question: Aircraft delivery and deployment - Management detailed pending deliveries, including five aircraft for government services and seven offshore-configured AW189s, with expected deployment in Brazil, Africa, and the North Sea [33][36] Question: CapEx outlook for 2026 - Total CapEx for 2026 is projected at $100 million, with expectations of approximately $140 million in free cash flow at the midpoint of guidance [38] Question: Advanced mobility trials progress - Management reported positive progress in advanced mobility trials, including a sandbox project in Norway with Beta Technologies [39][52] Question: Asset sales and future activity - Management discussed opportunistic asset sales and potential sale-leaseback transactions for older assets [42][44] Question: Future tax outlook - Management indicated that a one-time tax benefit was realized this quarter, with expectations of a normalized tax rate as profitability improves [45][46] Question: Focus on exploratory drilling by customers - Management confirmed that while their business is primarily focused on production support, there is an increasing share of capital investment in deep-water projects [47][48]
Bristow(VTOL) - 2025 Q3 - Earnings Call Presentation
2025-11-05 15:00
Financial Performance - Q3 2025 - Total revenues increased to $386 million from $376 million in Q2 2025[17], a rise of $9.9 million[18] - Adjusted EBITDA increased to $67 million from $61 million in Q2 2025[17], an increase of $6.4 million[18] - The company made $24.8 million in accelerated principal payments on the UKSAR Debt facility[16] Segment Performance - Offshore Energy Services revenues decreased by $2.4 million, from $253 million to $250 million[20, 21] - Government Services revenues increased by $8.4 million, from $93 million to $101 million[25, 27] - Other Services revenues increased by $3.8 million, from $31 million to $35 million[33, 36] Outlook for 2025 and 2026 - Total revenue is projected to be between $1455 million and $1525 million for 2025, and between $1580 million and $1690 million for 2026[38] - Adjusted EBITDA is projected to be between $240 million and $250 million for 2025, and between $295 million and $325 million for 2026[38] Balance Sheet and Capital Allocation - The company has $245.5 million of unrestricted cash and total liquidity of $313.4 million[41] - Net Debt is $441 million as of September 30, 2025[42] - The company plans to initiate a quarterly dividend program in Q1 2026, with an initial dividend of $0.125 per share ($0.50 annualized)[49]
Bristow(VTOL) - 2025 Q3 - Quarterly Report
2025-11-05 00:11
Fleet and Operations - Bristow Group reported a total fleet of 213 aircraft as of September 30, 2025, comprising 195 helicopters, 14 fixed-wing aircraft, and 4 unmanned aerial systems[80]. - The average age of the helicopters in the fleet is 15 years, with heavy helicopters like the S92 and AW189 being crucial for offshore energy operations[80]. - The company has 12 aircraft under construction and options for an additional 20 aircraft, indicating ongoing fleet expansion efforts[84]. - The operational performance is typically lower during winter months due to reduced daylight hours affecting flight operations[76]. - Bristow's customer base spans multiple countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States, indicating a broad market presence[75]. Revenue and Financial Performance - Total revenues increased by 2.6% to $386.3 million in the current quarter compared to $376.4 million in the previous quarter[86]. - Offshore Energy Services revenues decreased by 0.9% to $250.4 million, with Europe down by $6.6 million and Africa down by $1.5 million, while the Americas increased by $5.7 million[86]. - Government Services revenues rose by 9.1% to $100.9 million, primarily due to the transition of the Irish Coast Guard contract[86]. - Operating income increased by 18.5% to $50.5 million, with significant improvements in Government Services and Other Services segments[86]. - Net income attributable to Bristow Group Inc. was $51.5 million, a 62.4% increase compared to $31.7 million in the previous quarter[86]. - Operating income margin for Offshore Energy Services remained stable at 17%[87]. - Flight hours in Offshore Energy Services totaled 23,990, a decrease of 2.0% compared to the previous quarter[88]. - Revenues from Government Services increased by $32.2 million year-over-year, driven by new contracts and favorable foreign exchange gains[98]. - Other Services revenues increased by $1.9 million, but operating income decreased due to higher operating expenses related to increased activity in Australia[99]. - Total operating losses for Corporate decreased by $14.3 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to net gains of $13.9 million from the disposal of assets[100]. Expenses and Cash Flow - Operating expenses in Government Services rose by $38.4 million, primarily due to higher subcontractor costs and personnel expenses[98]. - Interest expense, net increased by $1.0 million in the current year, driven by higher debt balances of $2.9 million and accelerated amortization of deferred financing costs of $1.8 million[101]. - Other income, net rose by $21.6 million in the current year, mainly due to higher foreign exchange gains[102]. - Operating cash flows were $4.9 million lower in the current year, primarily due to an increase in net working capital uses of $49.3 million[107]. - Net cash used in investing activities was $60.2 million in the current year, compared to $167.4 million in the prior year[108]. Liquidity and Future Plans - As of September 30, 2025, the company had $245.5 million of unrestricted cash and $67.9 million available under its ABL Facility, totaling $313.4 million in liquidity[105]. - The company plans to initiate a quarterly cash dividend program starting in Q1 2026, with an initial payment of $0.125 per share[115]. - Unfunded capital commitments as of September 30, 2025, amounted to $115.9 million, primarily for the purchase of seven AW189 heavy helicopters scheduled for delivery in 2025 and 2026[116]. - The company aims to reduce gross debt to approximately $500 million by the end of 2026, having made $40.1 million in accelerated principal payments on the UKSAR Debt during the nine months ended September 30, 2025[115]. Business Strategy and Market Conditions - The company operates in three segments: Offshore Energy Services (67% of total revenues), Government Services (25%), and Other Services (8%) for the three months ended September 30, 2025[84]. - The management highlighted the impact of supply chain disruptions and inflation on operational costs and pricing strategies[70]. - Bristow's reliance on a limited number of helicopter manufacturers poses risks related to aircraft component availability and maintenance[70]. - The company is focused on diversifying its business strategy, particularly in government services and advanced air mobility[70]. Sustainable Aviation Initiatives - In August 2025, Bristow launched operations at Norway's Test Arena for Zero & Low Emission Aviation, featuring BETA Technologies' all-electric ALIA CX300 aircraft, marking a significant step in sustainable aviation[77].
Bristow(VTOL) - 2025 Q3 - Quarterly Results
2025-11-04 21:30
Financial Performance - Total revenues for Q3 2025 were $386.3 million, an increase of 2.3% from $376.4 million in Q2 2025[5] - Net income attributable to Bristow Group Inc. was $51.5 million, or $1.72 per diluted share, compared to $31.7 million, or $1.07 per diluted share, in the previous quarter, representing a 62.7% increase in net income[2] - Adjusted EBITDA for Q3 2025 was $67.1 million, up from $60.7 million in Q2 2025, indicating a 17.6% increase[5] - Operating income increased to $50,535,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $42,640,000 in the prior quarter, reflecting a favorable change of $7,895,000[26] - Net income attributable to Bristow Group Inc. was $51,544,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, up from $31,748,000 in the previous quarter, representing an increase of 62.1%[26] - Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was $67,097,000, an increase of 10.5% from $60,700,000 in the prior quarter[26] - Revenues for Q3 2025 reached $386.289 million, a 2.5% increase from $376.429 million in Q2 2025[29] - Operating income for Q3 2025 was $50.535 million, compared to $42.640 million in Q2 2025, reflecting a significant improvement[29] - Adjusted Operating Income for Q3 2025 was $62.201 million, up from $57.330 million in Q2 2025[29] - Net income for Q3 2025 was reported at $51.591 million, a significant increase from $31.779 million in Q2 2025[35] - Adjusted EBITDA for Q3 2025 was $67.097 million, compared to $60.700 million in Q2 2025, indicating strong operational performance[35] Revenue Breakdown - Revenues from Government Services increased by $8.4 million to $100.9 million in Q3 2025, a 9.1% increase compared to Q2 2025[9] - Revenues from Other Services rose by $3.8 million to $35.0 million, a 12.3% increase from the previous quarter[11] - Offshore Energy Services revenue totaled $250,431,000, a slight decrease of 0.9% from $252,810,000 in the previous quarter[27] - Government Services revenue increased by 9.1% to $100,898,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $92,499,000 in the prior quarter[27] - The Americas segment saw a revenue increase of 6.0%, reaching $100,945,000 compared to $95,230,000 in the prior quarter[27] - Offshore Energy Services contributed 67% to total revenues, while Government Services accounted for 25%[44] Liquidity and Assets - The company reported total liquidity of $313.4 million as of September 30, 2025, consisting of $245.5 million in unrestricted cash and $67.9 million available under its asset-based revolving credit facility[18] - Total current assets increased to $678.342 million as of September 30, 2025, from $619.458 million at the end of 2024, indicating strong liquidity[31] - Cash and cash equivalents slightly decreased to $250.705 million from $251.281 million[31] - Accounts receivable increased to $233.639 million, up from $211.590 million, suggesting improved sales performance[31] - Total assets grew to $2.269 billion as of September 30, 2025, compared to $2.125 billion at the end of 2024[31] - Total liabilities remained stable at approximately $1.234 billion, showing effective management of debt[31] Cash Flow and Debt Management - The Company reported Free Cash Flow of $20,257,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $94,507,000 for the previous quarter, reflecting a decrease of 78.6%[38] - Adjusted Free Cash Flow for the same period was $21,365,000, down from $95,293,000 in the prior quarter, indicating a decline of 77.6%[38] - The company made $24.8 million in accelerated principal payments on its UKSAR Debt facility during the current quarter[16] - The Company reported a net cash provided by operating activities of $23,057,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025[38] Operational Insights - Flight hours for Offshore Energy Services decreased by 2.0% to 23,990 hours in the three months ended September 30, 2025, down from 24,469 hours in the previous quarter[28] - The Company’s total fleet consists of 213 aircraft, including 195 helicopters, with an average age of 15 years[42] - The Company has 12 aircraft under construction and 20 options for future aircraft purchases[44][45] Future Outlook - The company updated its 2025 Adjusted EBITDA outlook to a range of $240 million to $250 million and for 2026 to a range of $295 million to $325 million[5] - The company anticipates a year-over-year Adjusted EBITDA growth of approximately 27% for 2026[6] - Offshore Energy Services Adjusted Operating Income decreased by 4.4% to $51,236,000 from $53,588,000 in the prior quarter[41] - Government Services Adjusted Operating Income surged by 79.1% to $10,810,000, compared to $6,036,000 in the previous quarter[41] - The Company is unable to provide a reconciliation of projected Adjusted EBITDA to projected net income due to unpredictability of certain components[36]
Bristow Group Reports Third Quarter 2025 Results
Prnewswire· 2025-11-04 21:30
Core Insights - Bristow Group Inc. reported a net income of $51.5 million, or $1.72 per diluted share, for Q3 2025, an increase from $31.7 million, or $1.07 per diluted share, in Q2 2025, on total revenues of $386.3 million compared to $376.4 million in the previous quarter [1][7]. Financial Performance - Total revenues for Q3 2025 were $386.3 million, up from $376.4 million in Q2 2025, marking a 2.6% increase [7][24]. - Operating income for Q3 2025 was $50.5 million, compared to $42.6 million in Q2 2025 [3][24]. - Adjusted EBITDA for Q3 2025 was $67.1 million, an increase from $60.7 million in Q2 2025 [7][24]. - The company updated its 2025 Adjusted EBITDA outlook to a range of $240 million to $250 million and for 2026 to a range of $295 million to $325 million [7][13]. Segment Performance - Offshore Energy Services revenues decreased by $2.4 million in Q3 2025, primarily due to lower utilization in Europe and Africa, while revenues in the Americas increased by $5.7 million [5][25]. - Government Services revenues increased by $8.4 million in Q3 2025, driven by the transition of the Irish Coast Guard contract [6][8]. - Other Services revenues rose by $3.8 million in Q3 2025, mainly due to higher activity in Australia [9][28]. Cost and Expenses - Total operating expenses for Q3 2025 were $283.1 million, slightly higher than $278.5 million in Q2 2025 [24]. - Personnel costs increased by $9.9 million in Q3 2025, primarily due to the absence of seasonal personnel cost benefits in Norway and higher benefits costs in Europe and the U.S. [5][24]. - Repairs and maintenance costs decreased by $9.3 million in Q3 2025, attributed to higher vendor credits [24]. Capital Allocation and Liquidity - The company made $24.8 million in accelerated principal payments on its UKSAR Debt facility during the current quarter [15]. - As of September 30, 2025, Bristow had $245.5 million in unrestricted cash and $67.9 million available under its asset-based revolving credit facility, totaling $313.4 million in liquidity [17][30].
Bristow Group Announces Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Call
Prnewswire· 2025-10-28 20:30
Core Points - Bristow Group Inc. will release its third quarter 2025 financial results on November 4, 2025, after market close [1] - A conference call is scheduled for November 5, 2025, at 10:00 a.m. ET for investors to discuss the results [1][2] - The investor presentation will be available on Bristow's website on the same day as the financial results release [2] Company Overview - Bristow Group Inc. is a leading global provider of innovative and sustainable vertical flight solutions, primarily serving offshore energy companies and government entities [3] - The company offers a range of aviation services, including personnel transportation, search and rescue (SAR), medevac, fixed-wing transportation, unmanned systems, and ad hoc helicopter services [3] - Bristow operates through three segments: Offshore Energy Services, Government Services, and Other Services, catering to various customer needs [3] Geographic Presence - Bristow has a diverse customer base across multiple countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Dutch Caribbean, the Falkland Islands, Ireland, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad, the United Kingdom, and the United States [4]