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汽车:北美轻型车辆电气化方案
罗兰贝格· 2025-02-06 07:51
Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in North America is expected to be delayed due to regulatory changes under the Trump administration, which may lead to a more gradual transition towards electric vehicles [2][3][12] - The regulatory environment, particularly changes from the EPA and California Air Resources Board (CARB), will significantly impact the electrification forecasts for the automotive industry [4][7] - Traditional automakers will face prolonged profitability challenges as they navigate a mixed powertrain strategy involving Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and BEVs [26][27] Summary by Sections Regulatory Impact - The regulatory landscape is a key driver for xEV adoption, with the Trump administration's policies likely to challenge existing emission standards set by the EPA and CARB [4][6][12] - The CARB's Advanced Clean Cars II regulation mandates that by 2035, all new sales must be zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), but OEMs can only use PHEVs to meet 20% of their ZEV requirements [7][8] Market Scenarios - The report outlines three scenarios for BEV adoption in North America: an upside scenario where current regulations remain, a baseline scenario with relaxed standards, and a downside scenario where ZEV sales goals are pushed back to 2040 [17][22][23] - In the baseline scenario, the Trump administration's policies would lead to a reliance on hybrid vehicles to meet emission targets, highlighting the importance of regulatory support for BEV adoption [22] Challenges and Opportunities - The delay in BEV adoption will create both challenges and opportunities for automotive suppliers, necessitating a reevaluation of product portfolios and capital allocation strategies [14][27] - Suppliers may face difficulties due to declining EV sales, leading to potential market exits for smaller players unable to cope with low volumes and profitability issues [27][28]
Scenarios for North American light vehicle electrification
罗兰贝格· 2025-02-05 00:53
Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the automotive industry or specific companies within it. Core Insights - The recent US election results are expected to delay the adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in North America due to a less stringent stance on emissions regulations under the Trump administration [1][4][10] - The delayed adoption of BEVs will have cascading effects on the entire automotive value chain, prolonging profitability challenges for electrification-focused players while extending opportunities for Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-focused legacy players [2][12] - The regulatory landscape, particularly changes in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards, is a significant factor influencing electrification forecasts [3][4][19] Summary by Sections Regulatory Impact - The incoming Trump administration is expected to soften EPA emissions and fuel economy standards beyond model year 2027, which will prolong ICE production and hinder EV adoption [11][19] - CARB's Advanced Clean Cars II rule mandates that by 2035, all new cars and light trucks sold must be zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), but OEMs can only meet 20% of their ZEV requirement with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) [5][19] Market Scenarios - The report outlines three scenarios for North American light vehicle xEV shares: upside, base, and downside cases, reflecting different regulatory environments and adoption rates [14][20] - In the base case, the repeal of current EPA emissions standards will reduce the need for BEVs, leading OEMs to rely more on hybrids [19] - The downside case assumes a challenge to CARB's ability to set emissions standards, delaying California's 100% ZEV sales target from 2035 to 2040 [20] OEM and Supplier Strategies - Traditional manufacturers must manage a triple powertrain strategy, integrating ICEs, HEVs, and BEVs, while EV-focused OEMs need to compete with hybrids due to anticipated profitability challenges [21][22] - Suppliers are expected to reevaluate their participation in electrification, which may create opportunities, but many sub-scale suppliers may exit the market due to low volumes and profitability issues [23][24]
Navigating European chemicals - Part 1
罗兰贝格· 2025-01-30 00:53
Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the European chemicals industry, but it highlights significant challenges and opportunities that could influence investment decisions. Core Insights - Europe's chemicals industry is undergoing a major transition towards decarbonization and circularity, requiring over EUR 2 trillion in investments to meet climate and circularity targets by 2050 [3][22] - The industry's share of global investments has halved over the last 20 years, indicating a decline in attractiveness for investors [3][23] - Despite challenges, there are opportunities in resilient value chains and emerging markets driven by strategic autonomy [5][44] Summary by Sections Introduction - The European chemicals industry must transform to address environmental challenges, digital innovations, and geopolitical uncertainties [9] - The transition involves decarbonizing energy systems and reshaping into a circular ecosystem [9][10] Fundamental Changes - The chemicals industry accounts for one-fifth of total energy consumption in Western Europe, highlighting the challenge of decarbonization [12] - Key success factors for decarbonization include replacing fossil electricity with green sources, electrifying processes, and enhancing efficiency [13][15] Transition Challenges - High raw material and energy costs are pushing Europe towards the end of the global cost curve [4][27] - Competition from the US, China, and the Middle East is increasing, challenging Europe's market position [27][41] - Strict regulations without strong incentives hinder investment in the European chemicals sector [27][42] Opportunities for Players - Europe remains the second-largest global producer of chemicals, with strong integrated clusters that can leverage local end-markets [44] - Value chains can be categorized into resilient, disrupted, and emerging types, each presenting unique opportunities [45][46] Recommendations - European chemicals players should understand key value chain pathways, pinpoint the value of a European footprint, and double down on existing strengths [59] - Policymakers must implement targeted incentives and balance regulations to support the industry's sustainable transition [62]
India’s remarkable economic ascent: A distinct story of growth
罗兰贝格· 2025-01-22 00:53
Industry Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry, but it highlights India's significant economic potential and challenges [2][3][4] Core Viewpoints - India's economic growth is driven by its demographic dividend, urbanization, and infrastructure investments, positioning it as a potential global economic powerhouse [2][4][13] - The services sector is the main contributor to India's GDP growth, while the manufacturing sector faces structural challenges [10][50][51] - India's labor market is characterized by high informal employment, low female participation, and a skills mismatch, which hinder inclusive growth [35][43][44] - Infrastructure development is a key growth catalyst, with significant investments in transportation, energy, and urban infrastructure [30][31][32] Economic Foundations and Growth Catalysts - India's services sector accounts for roughly 50% of its gross value added (GVA), with industries like IT, financial services, and telecommunications driving growth [10][11] - Domestic consumption is a primary driver of India's economy, accounting for 60% of GDP, while exports play a smaller role at 22% of GDP [12] - India's demographic dividend, with a median age of 28 years and a large working-age population, is a key driver of future growth [14][15][16] - Urbanization is transforming India's economic landscape, with urban centers like Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore becoming innovation hubs [21][22][23] - The expansion of India's middle class, expected to reach 60% of the population by 2047, is driving consumption across various sectors [26][27][28] Obstacles and Challenges - India's labor market faces structural issues, including high unemployment (8.4%), low female participation (33%), and a dominance of informal employment (88.8%) [35][37][42] - The manufacturing sector's share of GVA has declined to 12.8%, hindered by low R&D investment, regulatory complexity, and infrastructure deficits [51][55][56] - Regional disparities and social inequalities further complicate India's labor market challenges, limiting access to stable employment opportunities [47][48][49] - India's stagnant FDI inflows (0.8% of GDP in 2023) reflect limited integration into global value chains and regulatory inefficiencies [60][61] Strategic Recommendations for Businesses - Companies should engage in strategic workforce planning to address skills mismatches and capitalize on India's demographic dividend [72][73][74] - Adapting to local markets, including consumer preferences and regulatory environments, is crucial for success in India [75] - Operational excellence, including AI-driven transformation and continuous performance improvement, is essential for profitability in the Indian market [76] Conclusion - India has significant potential to become a global manufacturing hub, but it must address challenges related to land, labor, and law to sustain robust growth [65][66][67] - Policy reforms in land acquisition, labor laws, and bureaucratic efficiency are critical for India's industrial development [68][69][70]
中国行业趋势报告:2025年度特别报告:预见2025
罗兰贝格· 2025-01-14 02:45
Core Viewpoints - Resilience has become a new paradigm for China's development, requiring flexible adjustments in business and operational models, as well as comprehensive optimization of management and decision-making systems [4] - China's economy is undergoing a profound transformation, shifting from a traditional growth model reliant on labor and large-scale investment to an innovation and technology-driven model [5] - Despite current deflationary pressures and structural issues, China's export-to-domestic production ratio and import-to-trade ratio are declining, indicating a shift towards higher value-added industries and domestic substitution [7] - China's consumer market holds significant potential, with evolving consumer behavior post-pandemic favoring high-quality, safe, healthy, and green products [7] - To sustain economic growth, China must transition from quantity-driven to quality-driven production, enhancing value creation to boost disposable income and consumer confidence [8] - China's aging population poses long-term challenges, with the proportion of people aged 65 and above expected to reach 22% by 2040, necessitating improvements in social security systems [8][9] - China's export model is transforming across three dimensions: destination, product, and trade mode, with a strategic focus on Global South and European markets [11][12] - The "new three" products—new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products—are replacing the "old three" (clothing, furniture, and home appliances) as key drivers of China's export growth [13] - China's globalization strategy is shifting towards building production and logistics bases abroad, with overseas greenfield investments tripling in 2023 to $160 billion [14][15] Industry Trends Automotive - The automotive industry is witnessing a shift towards new energy vehicles, with Chinese manufacturers increasingly focusing on global markets and localizing production in regions like Southeast Asia and Europe [52][53] - Supply chain resilience is becoming a core strategic pillar for automotive manufacturers, with a focus on multi-regional manufacturing and digital-driven agile supply networks [53][54] Chemicals & Materials - The chemicals and materials sector is undergoing a green transformation, with companies adopting circular economy models and clean technologies to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency [56][57] - Leading companies are integrating sustainability into their strategic frameworks, leveraging digital and intelligent manufacturing to reshape value chains [56] Consumer Goods & Retail - Post-pandemic consumer behavior in China is evolving, with a growing demand for high-quality, safe, and green products, creating new opportunities for consumer goods and retail companies [7] - Companies are shifting from price competition to value creation, focusing on product quality and consumer trust to capture market share [7] Energy & Utilities - The energy sector is transitioning towards green manufacturing, with companies investing in zero-carbon factories and intelligent energy management systems to reduce unit energy consumption [56][57] - Renewable energy integration and smart microgrids are becoming key strategies for energy companies to enhance operational efficiency and sustainability [57] Industrial Products & Services - Industrial companies are leveraging digital transformation to improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance product quality, with leading firms achieving 15-25% productivity gains [61][62] - The integration of AI and IoT technologies is reshaping traditional supply chain management, with 85% of global supply chain leaders adopting these technologies [52] Technology & Internet - AI adoption is accelerating across industries, with 70% of enterprises deploying AI technologies in 2024, particularly in marketing, customer operations, and IT departments [39][40] - Generative AI is expected to revolutionize content production, customer service, and operational efficiency, with significant cost reductions in AI model deployment [40][41] Pharma & Healthcare - The healthcare sector is facing increasing demand due to China's aging population, with the proportion of people aged 65 and above expected to rise to 22% by 2040 [8][9] - Companies are focusing on expanding healthcare coverage and improving service quality, with a particular emphasis on elderly care and pension systems [9] Globalization and Internationalization - China's globalization strategy is shifting towards building production and logistics bases abroad, with overseas greenfield investments tripling in 2023 to $160 billion [14][15] - Chinese companies are increasingly focusing on Global South markets, with investments in ports and infrastructure projects under the Belt and Road Initiative [12] - The EU remains a key trade partner for China, despite growing tensions, with opportunities for deeper economic cooperation as the US adopts more protectionist policies [12] - Chinese companies are transitioning from traditional export models to establishing local production and supply chains in key markets, reducing reliance on traditional trade routes [15] Strategic Recommendations for Enterprises - Chinese companies should adopt a clear globalization strategy, focusing on new target markets and overseas investments to mitigate risks and enhance resilience [19] - Building reliable partnerships in overseas markets can help Chinese companies leverage local resources and quickly penetrate new markets [19] - Operational optimization and cost efficiency are critical for Chinese companies to remain competitive, with a focus on improving product quality and innovation [19] - Multinational companies in China should balance risk reduction with market expansion, leveraging China's innovation ecosystem and digital transformation opportunities [17][20]
预见2025:中国行业趋势报告
罗兰贝格· 2025-01-10 06:20
Economic Transformation and Challenges - China's economy is undergoing a deep transformation from labor and investment-driven growth to innovation and technology-driven growth, facing structural issues such as deflationary pressures and weak consumer confidence[5][6] - China's export-to-GDP ratio and import-to-trade ratio are declining, indicating a shift towards higher-value industries and domestic substitution of imported goods[7] - China's consumer behavior is evolving post-pandemic, with increasing demand for high-quality, safe, and green products, presenting new opportunities for businesses[7] Consumption and Aging Population - China's household deposits amount to nearly 150 trillion RMB, nearly double the total market value of the stock market, reflecting significant consumption potential[8] - By 2040, China's population aged 65 and above is expected to reach 22%, up from 13% in 2020, posing long-term challenges such as rising healthcare and pension costs[8] - China's healthcare expenditure as a percentage of GDP is around 5%, significantly lower than France and Germany's 12%, indicating future pressure on healthcare systems[9] Global Trade and Geopolitical Risks - From 2010 to 2024, global trade interventions reached 14,797 measures, with China being the most affected, facing 5,378 restrictions[10] - The US is expected to adopt more aggressive trade and investment restrictions against China, potentially leading to higher tariffs and broader technology export bans[10] - China's export model is shifting towards global South and European markets, with strategic investments in ports and infrastructure in 43 countries[12] Export and Industrial Transformation - China's "new three" exports (new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products) generated 757.8 billion RMB in overseas revenue in the first three quarters of 2024, accounting for 4.1% of total exports, up from 1.5% in 2020[13] - China's overseas greenfield investments tripled to $160 billion in 2023, accounting for 11.6% of global totals, with a focus on global South countries[14][15] Corporate Strategies and Globalization - Chinese companies are advised to adopt global strategies, including overseas investments, partnerships, and operational optimization to mitigate risks and enhance competitiveness[16][19] - Multinational companies in China need to balance risk reduction and market expansion strategies to adapt to the dual nature of China's market: resilience and transformation[17]
解析亚洲复杂的消费格局 探秘日益崛起的消费强国
罗兰贝格· 2024-12-25 12:05
Consumer Spending Trends in Asia - Asia's consumer spending is expected to reach $16 trillion in 2024, accounting for 27% of the global market Over the next decade, personal consumption in Asia will grow by $7 trillion, with China contributing 60% of this growth [6][15] - Food, non-alcoholic beverages, and household goods are the top priority categories for most Asian consumers, except in China, where clothing, footwear, and leisure activities are more emphasized [20][31] - Luxury consumption is expected to decline over the next two years, with consumers prioritizing quality, sustainability, and domestic brands [2][8][107] Regional Economic Outlook and Consumer Sentiment - Economic optimism varies across Asia, with countries experiencing GDP growth above 3% showing more positive consumer sentiment India, China, and Vietnam are the most optimistic, while Japan and Korea are more pessimistic [1][16][26] - China remains the dominant driver of Asia's consumption growth, contributing 60% of the region's total consumption increase over the next decade India is also a key growth market, with its private consumption expected to rise significantly [15][28] Consumer Preferences and Behavior - Asian consumers strongly prefer domestic brands, with Japanese and Korean brands associated with quality, Chinese brands with affordability, and Korean brands with fashion trends [3][76] - Convenience, personalized experiences, and safety are driving the growth of online retail, mobile payments, and omnichannel strategies in Asia [21][71][94] - Quality is the most important factor for consumers when purchasing both luxury and fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), followed by a preference for domestic products and sustainability credentials [8][99][116] Demographic Shifts and Spending Patterns - Asia is aging rapidly, with the proportion of the population over 45 expected to rise from 40% to 55% over the next decade India is an exception, with 74% of its population under 45 [11][24] - Younger consumers (18-25) prioritize clothing, footwear, and personal care, while older consumers focus more on household goods and health-related products [32][34][85] Strategic Recommendations for Brands and Retailers - Brands must adopt localized strategies to cater to unique consumer preferences in markets like China, where consumer behavior differs significantly from other regions [107][108] - Companies should focus on building omnichannel experiences that prioritize convenience, personalization, speed, and safety to meet evolving consumer expectations [123] - Luxury brands need to refocus their marketing strategies on quality and sustainability to regain consumer interest amid slowing luxury consumption [107]
现在是欧洲领导的时候了吗 在电信创新方面?
罗兰贝格· 2024-12-10 06:03
Industry Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the need for Europe to regain leadership in the telecom and technology sectors, highlighting the urgency for strategic actions to address current challenges [3][4] Core Viewpoints - Europe's telecom and tech industries require fundamental transformation to remain competitive globally, particularly against the US and China [3] - Structural fragmentation and complex regulatory environments are major obstacles to Europe's telecom industry's global competitiveness [4] - Lack of unified standards and coordination in spectrum licensing across EU member states limits growth and scalability [6] - Dependence on foreign telecom suppliers raises concerns about strategic autonomy and cybersecurity [7] - Heavy regulatory burdens hinder the development of cross-border B2B services, limiting market expansion opportunities [8] - Europe's AI and cloud industries are lagging due to fragmented strategies, limited public-private collaboration, and insufficient private funding [13][14] - Europe's satellite communication industry is falling behind the US and China, with reduced public funding and insufficient support for the space ecosystem [20][21] Key Challenges and Recommendations Telecom Sector - Market fragmentation in Europe necessitates industry consolidation through relaxed antitrust restrictions to achieve economies of scale [9] - Sharing infrastructure costs with VLOPs (Very Large Online Platforms) could alleviate financial pressures on telecom operators [10] - Unified EU-wide spectrum rules and technical standards are essential to promote cross-border investment and build an integrated ecosystem [11] - Favoring EU-trusted suppliers and enforcing EU security frameworks will enhance digital sovereignty and protect critical infrastructure [11] AI and Cloud Sector - Integrating public and private computing resources can significantly expand Europe's AI capabilities, providing access to high-performance computing and quantum labs [17] - Establishing a unified EU cloud market will promote scalability and competitiveness through standardized public procurement processes and secure data-sharing intermediaries [18] - Strengthening cooperation with the US through clear data security and fair trade frameworks will enhance Europe's position in the global cloud market [19] Satellite Communication Sector - Reforming EU procurement rules will streamline and unify the satellite communication industry, enabling faster and more flexible procedures [24] - Creating an EU space fund with clear priorities, supported by the European Investment Bank (EIB), will strengthen the industry by funding R&D, strategic acquisitions, and SMEs [25] Expected Impacts Telecom - Accelerated domestic consolidation driven by business needs rather than antitrust concerns will stabilize and increase retail prices due to reduced competition [28] - New investment in fiber connectivity will be unlocked, particularly in attractive geographic regions, due to copper decommissioning and deregulation of infrastructure investments [28] - Increased spectrum duration will boost telecom operators' EBITDA and valuations [28] - Localization of B2B services will be promoted through pan-European B2B service companies operating from low-cost base countries [28] Cloud and AI - European cloud players will see increased revenue due to EU preferences in public sector tenders [29] - New public-private partnerships in AI/HPC will accelerate, adopting venture capital-like approaches such as equity stakes and public institutions providing computing power to AI startups for returns [29] - Strong vertical industries will further support AI advancements without regulatory and competition constraints [29] Satellite - Increased support and investment in private satellite communication companies and the broader ecosystem will enhance EU sovereignty, focusing on the entire industry rather than just established players [29] Data Highlights - In 2023, only 6% of global AI startup venture capital funding went to European companies, compared to 61% for US companies [13] - The global cloud market is dominated by US hyperscalers (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud), holding 65% of the market share, while European providers are limited to basic IaaS offerings [14] - The space economy is projected to grow from $630 billion in 2023 to $1.8 trillion by 2035, with Europe at risk of missing out due to insufficient satellite communication initiatives [20] - US and China lead in satellite constellations, with Starlink (6,400 satellites by 2024) and G60 (1,300 satellites by 2027), while Europe lacks a dedicated satellite communication constellation [23]
健康的未来6/健康中的AI(r)进化
罗兰贝格· 2024-12-08 07:09
Industry Investment Rating - The report highlights the transformative potential of AI in healthcare, suggesting a positive outlook for the industry [9][10] Core Viewpoints - AI is expected to bring significant benefits to healthcare, including breakthroughs in care quality and unprecedented economic benefits [3] - The adoption of AI in healthcare is seen as both revolutionary and evolutionary, depending on the specific application area [10] - 87% of respondents prefer strategic partnerships with tech giants over in-house development for AI integration [3] AI's Impact on Healthcare - AI is predicted to reshape healthcare systems, drive breakthrough innovations in health research, and improve overall health outcomes [9] - AI will significantly impact business models and processes in healthcare, requiring rapid responses from industry players [10] - Generative AI (GenAI) is particularly highlighted for its potential to innovate solutions for challenges like workforce shortages and cost pressures [9] AI Adoption and Use Cases - AI is already being used in various healthcare operations, with 74% of respondents indicating current use and 15% using it frequently [47] - Key areas of AI application include diagnostics, predictive analytics, personalized treatment plans, and administrative tasks [31][36] - AI is expected to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance the quality of care [47] Future Scenarios - The report outlines three potential future scenarios for AI adoption in healthcare: a realistic scenario with mixed results, an accelerated scenario with widespread adoption, and a conservative scenario with limited impact [123][126][127] - In the realistic scenario, AI adoption is partial, with significant improvements in efficiency and accuracy in some areas, while others lag behind [124] - The accelerated scenario envisions widespread AI integration, leading to personalized medicine, reduced administrative burdens, and faster drug development [126] - The conservative scenario predicts slow AI adoption, with rising healthcare costs and stagnant innovation [127] Strategic Recommendations - Organizations should strategically assess the impact of AI on their business models and create unique value propositions [133] - Employees should be supported through AI integration, with training and resources provided to enhance their ability to use AI tools effectively [134] - A patient-centric approach should be maintained, leveraging AI to create personalized treatment plans and improve patient outcomes [135] - Investments in AI technology and infrastructure should be prioritized to ensure readiness for future advancements [137][138] AI's Role in Specific Healthcare Sectors - In hospitals, AI is widely used in diagnostics, with 88% of respondents expecting it to become an industry standard [55] - Health insurance companies are leveraging AI for customer service and claims management, with 75% using AI in active solutions [56] - Pharmaceutical companies are adopting AI in research and development, with 68% already using AI in standard operations [62] - Medtech companies are integrating AI into manufacturing and R&D, with 79% using AI in R&D and 54% in manufacturing [64][66]
2024医疗未来医疗健康行业中的AI变革第六版
罗兰贝格· 2024-12-04 06:40
Industry Investment Rating - The report highlights a positive outlook for the healthcare industry, driven by the rapid evolution of AI technologies, with significant investments expected to continue [21][22] Core Viewpoints - AI is expected to cause a rapid evolution in healthcare, bringing substantial changes but allowing time for strategic responses [2] - AI adoption varies across healthcare sectors, with 52% of hospitals using AI in diagnostics and 32% piloting such solutions, while therapy lags with 36% not using AI at all [2] - Strategic partnerships with tech giants are favored by 87% of respondents over in-house development to bridge the AI readiness gap [2] Implications for Organizations - AI will impact business models across the healthcare value chain, requiring urgent responses from organizations [10] - Only 29% of organizations feel prepared to exploit AI for competitive advantage, highlighting a significant readiness gap [2] - AI adoption is expected to transform patient journeys, with personalized treatment plans and improved operational efficiencies [10][12] Future Scenarios - The most likely scenario is a "realistic scenario" with partial adoption of AI in specialized areas, leading to mixed outcomes [95] - An "accelerated scenario" envisions mass adoption of AI, transforming healthcare delivery and reducing costs, while a "cautious scenario" predicts slow adoption with limited impact [100] Recommendations for Stakeholders - Stakeholders should adopt a patient-centered approach, leveraging AI to create tailored treatment plans and improve patient outcomes [104] - Organizations must assess the impact of AI on their business models and invest in AI technologies to stay competitive [105] - Workforce enablement is crucial, with AI tools integrated into daily workflows and employees provided with tailored training [106] - Healthcare organizations should systematically develop their IT infrastructure and consider partnerships with tech companies to implement AI solutions [108] - Early and continuous investment in AI technologies is recommended to gain a competitive edge and improve operational efficiency [109]