Industry Overview - Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant mortality and hospitalization, with over 95% of RSV-associated acute lower respiratory infections and 97% of RSV-associated childhood deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs) [92] - RSV also causes significant morbidity and mortality in older adults, with over 30,000 adults older than 60 years dying from RSV annually in high-income countries (HICs) [92] - Prevention through passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and maternal vaccines, or active immunization with adult vaccines, plays a crucial role in reducing RSV-related morbidity and mortality [92] Market Dynamics - The RSV immunization market is dual, with demand and supply expected for the same products in both HICs and countries with limited resources [14] - Commercialization strategies have prioritized HICs and some upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) due to higher demand predictability and profitability [65] - Demand from HICs is expected to expand quickly across all populations by 2030, while demand in LICs and LMICs is expected to evolve at a much slower pace, with inclusion into National Immunization Programmes (NIPs) likely beginning 6-8 years later than HICs [97] Supply and Demand Analysis - Global programmatic dose requirement (PDR) for all RSV vaccines and mAbs is forecasted to increase from less than 50 million doses in 2024 to peak at ~170 million doses annually in 2040 [69] - HICs are likely to account for ~70-80% of PDR for all RSV products in the medium-term, while LICs and MICs could make up to ~75% of PDR by 2040 due to progressive adoption and implementation of RSV immunization programmes [69] - PDR for maternal RSV vaccine and infant mAbs is forecasted to grow to annual volumes of ~58 million and ~17 million doses, respectively, by 2040, representing ~36% of global PDR across the forecast timeframe [70] Key Players and Products - Currently, there are three authorized RSV vaccines for older adults and one maternal vaccine indicated during pregnancy to protect young infants [63] - The maternal vaccine is available from one supplier (Pfizer's ABRYSVO), and the same vaccine also has an indication for older adults [12] - For infant mAbs, products are available from only one to two suppliers (Sanofi AstraZeneca's BEYFORTUS and AstraZeneca's SYNAGIS), with limited potential for manufacturing scale-up [12] Pricing Analysis - Public market prices in the US are $395 for RSV mAb, $221 for maternal vaccine, and $175-196 for adult vaccines [81] - In other countries, available sources show a broader price range for mAbs in the public sector, with HICs prices varying between $231 and $730 per dose [83] - Maternal and adult vaccines have more limited price ranges, between $205 and $234 per dose and $175 and $196, respectively [83] Future Outlook - The current and future manufacturer base is not sufficiently diversified, with a limited number of suppliers for RSV mAbs and maternal vaccines [43] - Licensing and technology transfer could positively alter the supply ecosystem, supporting regional manufacturing, ensuring supply security, and enhancing supplier diversity and competition [43] - Efforts to accelerate equitable access will require actions on both the demand and supply side, including generation of comprehensive evidence base, engagement with developers and manufacturers, and financial support for countries with limited budgets [46]

Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the sanitation inspection industry Core Insights - Safe sanitation is essential for health and is a global development goal recognized as a basic human right [20][21] - Sanitation inspections are a tool developed to support the implementation of WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health, particularly focusing on risk assessment and management [21][23] - The document outlines the importance of sanitation inspections in identifying and mitigating risks associated with on-site sanitation systems, which are increasingly used globally [38][39] Summary by Sections 1. Introduction - Safe sanitation prevents infections and improves mental and social well-being, contributing to the reduction of diarrheal diseases and undernutrition [20] - WHO and UNICEF emphasize the need for safe and sustainable sanitation systems to achieve universal access by 2030 [21][22] 2. What are Sanitation Inspections? - Sanitation inspections are standardized checklists to assess health risks in sanitation facilities, focusing on various components of the sanitation service chain [26][31] - The inspections can be conducted by various stakeholders, including community representatives and government officials [31] 3. What can Sanitation Inspections be Used For? - Sanitation inspections can identify risks in on-site sanitation systems, which are often unregulated and poorly managed [38][39] - The objectives of sanitation inspections include regulatory compliance monitoring, national risk assessment, and local level assessments [43][48] 4. Deployment Options - The deployment of sanitation inspections is influenced by the regulatory framework and institutional arrangements within a country [60][61] - Different countries have varying approaches to sanitation inspections, with examples from Ireland, France, and Japan highlighting the importance of compliance and monitoring [64][66][69] 5. Conclusion and Way Forward - The report emphasizes the need for improved regulations and surveillance of sanitation systems to enhance public health and environmental safety [47][56] - It suggests that sanitation inspections can drive policy change and investment in sanitation by providing evidence of risks and compliance [43][48]

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry [1][2][3] Core Viewpoints - The report emphasizes the importance of achieving universal access to safely managed sanitation (SMS) as a critical goal for global health, social development, and economic benefits [22][23] - Climate resilience and gender equity are highlighted as essential components of sanitation interventions [23][24] - The report advocates for a shift from short-term, project-based interventions to government-led, area-wide services that are professionally managed and regulated [22] Summary by Relevant Sections Background and Scope - The document aims to assist UNICEF and WHO country offices in implementing the UNICEF Game Plan to Reach Safely Managed Sanitation 2022–2030 and WHO Guidelines on sanitation and health [21] - The target audience includes national, sub-national, and local sanitation stakeholders, including government agencies, service providers, civil society organizations, and academia [34] Key Steps to Achieve Safely Managed Sanitation - **Step 1: Assess the situation and build a common understanding of SMS** Conduct a rapid assessment to identify gaps and prioritize actions, followed by a national orientation workshop to raise awareness among stakeholders [54][55] - **Step 2: Plan to achieve safely managed sanitation** Develop a national or sub-national action plan with clear roles, budgets, and timelines, ensuring inclusion of marginalized communities [65][66] - **Step 3: Establish/update policies, legislations, regulations, standards, and guidelines** Review and update sanitation policies to cover the entire sanitation service chain, addressing climate change and public health risks [72][73] - **Step 4: Finance for safely managed sanitation** Conduct assessments to track funding and develop financing strategies, including public funding, subsidies, and private sector investments [80][81] - **Step 5: Strengthen public data systems** Improve data collection and utilization to inform decision-making, resource allocation, and progress tracking [87][91] - **Step 6: Improve service delivery towards safely managed sanitation** Shift from project-based approaches to comprehensive, large-scale programming, focusing on hardware, behavior change, and local systems strengthening [94][97] - **Step 7: Strengthen human resources capacity** Address workforce shortages and skill gaps through training, capacity development, and professionalization of sanitation workers [103][104] - **Step 8: Monitor and review plan** Continuously update and improve the plan through periodic reviews, documentation of best practices, and knowledge exchange [112][113] Additional Resources and Tools - The report provides a comprehensive list of resources, including assessment tools, policy guidelines, and online courses, to support the implementation of the steps outlined [119][123][126] Climate Resilience and Gender Equity - Climate-resilient sanitation systems are crucial for maintaining services and enhancing community resilience, particularly in low-income and marginalized groups [23] - Gender and social inclusion are critical, with a focus on addressing barriers faced by women, girls, and marginalized groups in accessing safely managed sanitation [24]

Industry Overview - WHO is currently responding to 40 graded emergencies worldwide, including 11 Grade-3 emergencies, 7 protracted Grade-3 emergencies, 10 Grade-2 emergencies, 9 protracted Grade-2 emergencies, and 3 Grade-1 emergencies [1] - The mpox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other countries was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 14 August 2024 [2] - Nearly US$ 48 million has been released by WHO's Contingency Fund for Emergencies (CFE) in 2024 to provide humanitarian health assistance for 26 emergencies [3] Key Figures and Operations - The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) has supported 45 deployments in 2024, with the highest number of deployments in response to the escalation of violence in Israel and occupied Palestinian territories (13) [4] - OpenWHO org has reached 9 million enrolments across 295 online public health courses, with 760 000 enrolments in 2024 [4] - Standby Partners have supported WHO's response to 12 graded emergencies through the deployment of 43 new surge personnel to 19 WHO offices in 2024 [4] Mpox Outbreak Response - From 1 January 2022 to the end of September 2024, 123 WHO Member States reported a total of 109 699 laboratory-confirmed mpox cases, with 13 106 cases reported from 23 African countries [6] - The MVA-BN vaccine, the first WHO-prequalified mpox vaccine, has an estimated 76% effectiveness with a single dose and 82% effectiveness with a two-dose schedule [7] - The Democratic Republic of the Congo received 265 000 doses of the MVA-BN vaccine, and Rwanda received 5 420 doses as part of bilateral donations [7] - Over 5 9 million doses of mpox vaccine have been pledged by 15 countries and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, with the first allocation of 899 000 doses made to nine countries on 28 October 2024 [9] Emergency Polio Vaccination in Gaza - An emergency polio vaccination campaign in Gaza vaccinated 559 161 children with a first dose of nOPV2, representing an estimated 95% of eligible children [14] - The second round of the campaign vaccinated 556 774 children under the age of 10 with a second dose of polio vaccine and 448 425 children between 2-10 years old received vitamin A [16] Sudan Healthcare Crisis - Since April 2023, there have been 108 verified attacks on healthcare facilities in Sudan, with over 75 involving health facilities and 45 impacting health personnel [17] - WHO estimates that 70-80% of health facilities in conflict-affected areas of Sudan are barely operational or closed, impacting millions of people [19] Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) - Senegal has become the first African country to receive WHO classification for its Emergency Medical Team (EMT), capable of deploying within 72 hours to provide medical and surgical care to up to 2 500 patients for a four-week period [21] Ukraine Healthcare Support - WHO has installed 18 modular primary healthcare clinics in Ukraine, with the latest clinic in Tsyrkuny serving around 12 000 patients per year [25] - Each modular clinic can be set up in 10 to 14 days and has a lifespan of more than 10 years, ensuring long-term healthcare access in conflict-affected areas [27] Global Outbreak Response Handbook - The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) published a National Outbreak Response Handbook in June 2024, aimed at strengthening national capacity for resilient health systems during public health events [28] Avian Influenza in Cambodia - Cambodia has reported 15 human cases of avian influenza in 2023, with five fatalities, prompting WHO and the Ministry of Health to launch a communication campaign during the Khmer New Year festival season [30] - The campaign reached 8 8 million people and garnered 1 2 million engagements, highlighting the need for tailored behavioural messages to address local attitudes [31] Climate-Resilient Healthcare Facilities - A consortium involving WHO Téchne and academic institutions in Southeast Asia has developed a Comprehensive Resilience Assessment System (CRAS) Tool to evaluate climate resilience and environmental sustainability of primary healthcare facilities [45] CBRN Clinical Training Standards - WHO is developing unified standards for training healthcare workers on radiological, nuclear, and chemical hazards, with a preliminary curriculum drafted during a workshop in August 2024 [46] WHO Global Logistics Hub - WHO's Global Logistics Hub delivered US$ 28 million worth of goods in 2024, including 86 metric tonnes of trauma and emergency surgery supplies to Lebanon within a 24-hour operational period [49] - The Hub is expected to complete over 40 charter flights in 2024, primarily in response to humanitarian crises in Gaza, Sudan, and Lebanon [49] OpenWHO Afghanistan Channel - WHO's Afghanistan channel on OpenWHO org has provided access to critical public health courses in Dari and Pashto, with strong use among younger demographics and health care professionals [52]

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an industry investment rating [1][2][3] Core Viewpoints - Urban health outcomes improve when practitioners solve challenges across sectors and levels of governance [2] - Maximizing urban health requires "connective capacities" that link diverse urban work across sectors and governance levels [3] - Strong connective capacities lead to effective, integrated policies and better urban health outcomes [14] Summary by Sections Urban Health Assessment and Response - The Urban Health Assessment and Response Resource Kit empowers policy-makers and practitioners to harness and enhance 'connective capacities' for impact across sectors and levels of governance [1] Urban Goals and Health - Achieving urban goals in sectors like health, mobility, land use, and education can directly benefit city populations' health [2] - Capacities for holistic urban work are crucial for health solutions [2] Global Examples of Urban Health Goals - Cities globally have used the Kit to achieve diverse goals such as London's creative health city, Suva's food safe city, Lira's health-promoting land rights planning, and Utrecht's prevention of older person falls [3] Connective Capacities - Connective capacities exist at individual, organizational, and systemic levels and help ensure policy and practice are effective and optimize resource use across sectors [3] - These capacities include informed decision-making, resource management, partnerships, participation, and knowledge sharing [3] Importance of Connective Capacities - Connective capacities allow urban actors to ensure effective policies and practices and optimize resource use across sectors [4] - Without coordination between sectors, investments may conflict, leading to missed opportunities for health improvements [7] Capacity Assessment Framework - To optimize urban health, teams must assess existing capacities to be leveraged and identify capacity gaps to mitigate or strengthen [8] - The Primer provides a framework for this assessment, leading to more effective use of limited resources and stronger urban health interventions [8] Steps for Conducting a Capacity Assessment - A 5-step process includes defining the scope, profiling existing capacities, gathering additional information, analyzing findings, and reviewing recommendations [9][10][11][12][13] Outcomes of Strong Connective Capacities - Applying connective capacities leads to better health outcomes, such as informed decision-making, innovation, and improved mental health for city migrants [13] Action Guide for Local Authorities - The Action Guide facilitates participatory capacity assessments, providing a clear plan to leverage existing assets and address capacity gaps [15] - It takes users through each of the 5 steps in detail, with tables and templates to support the process [15] Recommendations for Successful Capacity Assessment - For successful capacity assessment and urban health improvement, it is recommended to read both the Primer and Action Guide and use the step-by-step framework to tailor assessments to specific cities [16]

Industry Investment Rating - The report does not provide a specific investment rating for the industry [1][2][3] Core Viewpoints - The report highlights the significant health risks posed by environmental pollutants, particularly to children, emphasizing the need for action to mitigate these risks [1][2][3] - Air pollution, including household, traffic-related, and industrial sources, is identified as a major contributor to poor health outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries [1][2][3] - The report underscores the association between environmental pollutants and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with specific pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, copper, and phthalates being implicated [2][3] - Drought and wildfire-induced air pollution are linked to childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries, with fire-sourced PM2.5 being a key mediator [3] - The report also discusses the impact of climate change on child health, particularly through malnutrition and food insecurity, exacerbated by extreme weather events and conflicts [11][15][22] Summary by Relevant Sections Air Pollution - Seven deadly sources of air pollution are identified, including household air pollution, traffic-related air pollution, and industrial air pollution, all of which contribute to PM2.5 levels and poor health outcomes [1] - Wildfire and landscape fire smoke are significant contributors to air pollution, particularly in drought-affected regions, and are linked to childhood stunting [3] - Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy increases the risk of postpartum depression, with higher levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) associated with a nearly fourfold increased risk [15] Environmental Pollutants and Health - Environmental pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, copper, and phthalates, are significantly associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) [2] - Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) exposure in children is linked to lower cognitive functioning, problem-solving abilities, and adaptive functioning, particularly affecting working memory and executive function [4][7] - High levels of lead in cinnamon and spice blends pose a health risk, with some brands containing lead levels exceeding safe limits [12][14] Climate Change and Child Health - Climate change is expected to exacerbate child malnutrition, with projections indicating that 40 million more children will experience stunted growth and 28 million more will suffer from wasting by 2050 [15] - Drought and wildfire-induced air pollution are significant contributors to childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries, with fire-sourced PM2.5 accounting for 26.7% of the linkage between drought and stunting [3] - Conflicts and climate-related extreme weather events in Sub-Saharan Africa are driving a severe child nutrition crisis, with over 80% of 137 million Africans facing acute food insecurity located in conflict-affected countries [22] Heavy Metals and Toxins - Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury are found in high concentrations in leafy vegetables grown in polluted areas, posing chronic health risks to both adults and children [13] - Pesticide exposure in agricultural communities, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley, is a concern, with detectable levels of toxic pesticides found in adult participants [9] - Combined exposure to folate and lead during pregnancy is associated with autistic-like behaviors in children, with folate potentially mitigating the neurotoxic effects of lead [10] Water and Sanitation - Iodine and fluorine in drinking water are linked to thyroid health issues and reduced IQ in school-age children, with higher levels of these elements associated with increased thyroid volume and nodules [17] - The impact of climate change on water resources is evident in Brazil, where record droughts and wildfires are devastating indigenous communities and drying up waterways [8][18] Maternal and Reproductive Health - Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), particularly in obese, urban, and low-education populations [21] - Prenatal exposure to environmental hazards is a concern, with a significant knowledge-action gap among reproductive-aged women in Canada regarding environmental health risks [17][20] Climate Change and Mental Health - Climate change is causing widespread distress among US youth, with 85% of respondents reporting moderate to extreme worry about climate change and its impacts on mental health [25][26] - Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and wildfires, are disrupting education, with millions of children globally experiencing school closures due to climate-related disasters [27]

Frequently asked questions on sexual and gender diversity, health and human rights - an introduction to key concepts Second edition | --- | --- | |-------------------------------------|-------| | | | | sexual and gender diversity, health | | | and human rights - an introduction | | | | | to key concepts Second edition © World Health Organization 2024 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence. Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the w ...

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血站质量体系实施指南 联系方式 世界卫生组织 卫生产品政策和标准司 20 avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 bloodproducts@who.int 血站质量体系实施指南 [Guidance on implementation of a quality system in blood establishments] ISBN 978-92-4-009055-2（网络版） ISBN 978-92-4-009056-9（印刷版） © 世界卫生组织 2024年 保留部分版权。本作品可在知识共享署名——非商业性使用——相同方式共享3.0政府间组织（CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/deed.zh）许可协议下使用。 根据该许可协议条款，可为非商业目的复制、重新分发和改写本作品，但须按以下说明妥善引用。在对本作品进行任何使 用时，均不得暗示世卫组织认可任何特定组织、产品或服务。不允许使用世卫组织的标识。如果改写本作品，则必须根据 相同或同等的知识共享许可协议对改写后的作品发放许 ...

限制 数字推销 限制烟草、酒精、食品、饮料和母乳 代用品的数字推销：现有方法和 政策方案 限制 数字推销 限制烟草、酒精、食品、饮料和母乳 代用品的数字推销：现有方法和 政策方案 限制烟草、酒精、食品、饮料和母乳代用品的数字推销：现有方法和政策方案 [Restricting digital marketing in the context of tobacco, alcohol, food and beverages, and breast-milk substitutes: existing approaches and policy options] ISBN 978-92-4-009302-7（电子版） ISBN 978-92-4-009303-4（印刷版） © 世界卫生组织2024年 保留部分版权。本作品可在知识共享署名——非商业性使用——相同方式共享3.0政府间组织（CC BYNC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/deed.zh）许可协议下使用。 根据该许可协议条款，可为非商业目的复制、重新分发和改写 ...