The G20 and the promotion of equal opportunities Tackling the root causes of inequality, exclusion and discrimination 1 f The G20 and the promotion of equal opportunities THE G20 AND THE PROMOTION OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES © OECD 2024 PUBE Tackling the root causes of inequality, exclusion and discrimination This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countri ...

Investment Rating - The report indicates that Portugal has fully implemented 5 recommendations, partially implemented 20 recommendations, and not implemented 20 recommendations regarding the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention [6]. Core Insights - Portugal has made progress in implementing several Phase 4 recommendations, particularly in increasing resources and expertise for law enforcement authorities, which has led to indictments in ongoing foreign bribery cases [7]. - However, significant concerns remain regarding the legal framework and enforcement actions, with no convictions or sanctions imposed for foreign bribery since the adoption of the Phase 4 report [9]. Summary of Findings - Portugal's efforts include the effective implementation of the National Anti-Corruption Mechanism and improved feedback from the Financial Intelligence Unit regarding suspicious transaction reports [7]. - Despite these efforts, Portugal has not adequately addressed recommendations related to whistleblower protection and maintaining detailed statistics on foreign bribery cases [7]. - Longstanding legal framework concerns persist, particularly regarding the lack of sanctions for natural persons and the absence of amendments to ensure effective corporate liability for foreign bribery [7][9]. Recommendations Regarding Prevention and Detection of Foreign Bribery - Portugal has partially implemented measures to raise awareness of corruption among public officials, but specific training on foreign bribery remains insufficient [10]. - The country has taken limited steps to clarify whistleblower protections and broaden the definition of retaliation [11]. - There are ongoing efforts to enhance training for law enforcement and public officials regarding money laundering and foreign bribery, but further action is needed [12]. Recommendations Regarding Enforcement of Foreign Bribery and Related Offences - Portugal has not implemented key recommendations regarding the imposition of fines as sanctions for foreign bribery, which raises concerns about the effectiveness of penalties [15]. - While some training sessions for judges and prosecutors have been organized, there is a need for broader dissemination of good practices related to sanctions [15]. - The country has made progress in confiscation measures related to foreign bribery cases, but further training and awareness are necessary [15]. Recommendations Regarding Liability of, and Engagement with, Legal Persons - Portugal has not taken steps to ensure that the liability of legal persons for foreign bribery is not contingent on the conviction of associated natural persons [20]. - Concerns remain regarding the vague definition of the defense of acting against express orders, which could allow companies to evade liability for foreign bribery [20].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry. Core Insights - The report emphasizes the importance of building and maintaining trust in public institutions in Chile, particularly in the context of ongoing socioeconomic and political challenges [5][18][19] - Trust levels in Chilean public institutions have been declining since 2010, which is consistent with trends observed across Latin America [19][35] - The OECD Trust Survey indicates that only 30% of Chileans have high or moderately high trust in the national government, significantly lower than the OECD average [20][21] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report outlines that low trust in public institutions can hinder social cohesion and effective governance, especially in addressing complex challenges [18] - It highlights that trust can be fostered through responsive institutions that meet public expectations and adhere to principles of openness and fairness [18] Trust in Context: Chile - The chapter discusses various socioeconomic, political, and institutional factors that influence public trust in Chile, including economic inequalities and the impact of misinformation [30] Trust in Public Institutions in Chile - The report presents findings from the 2023 OECD Trust Survey, revealing that trust in the national government (30%) and civil service (24%) is below the OECD averages [20] - Trust in the police (52%) and local government (36%) is higher compared to national institutions, while political parties (14%) and Congress (19%) are the least trusted [20] Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions - Key drivers of trust include the government's ability to cooperate with stakeholders, transparency in decision-making, and ensuring that citizens feel their voices are heard [24][25] - The report identifies that perceptions of effective checks and balances are crucial for trust in all public institutions [25] Recommendations for Enhancing Trust - The report suggests five areas for improvement: enhancing public service quality, strengthening government preparedness for complex issues, improving communication with citizens, reinforcing public integrity, and promoting fairness across institutions [26] - Specific recommendations include establishing a common vision for public services, enhancing user experience, and implementing training for front-line civil servants [27][28] Trust and Values in Chile - The report notes that perceptions of fairness are low, with only 39% of Chileans believing their applications for government services would be treated fairly [29] - It emphasizes the need for policies that address economic vulnerabilities and discrimination to foster trust among all population groups [29]

November 2024 China Brief China Consumption: Momentum Amid Uncertainty Daniel Zipser, Senior Partner and Leader, Asia Consumer & Retail Practice Since my last China Brief, consumption has gained momentum, particularly with the unveiling of a series of economic stimulus measures since September 24. The highly anticipated annual Double 11 Shopping Festival, which ended on November 11, well exceeded industry expectations, further fueling excitement among industry executives around the pickup in consumption. De ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Climate change is significantly impacting human health, with increasing frequency of extreme weather events, emergence of infectious diseases, and disruptions to food systems. The health impacts are expected to worsen over time, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which will face a disproportionate burden due to poverty and weak healthcare systems [30][43][15] - The report emphasizes the urgent need for action to address the health crisis arising from climate change, highlighting that the economic cost of inaction could reach between USD 8.6 trillion and USD 15.4 trillion by 2050 under different socioeconomic scenarios [36][37] - The analysis covers 69 LMICs, representing 96% of the total population of all LMICs, and provides estimates for health impacts and economic costs associated with climate change for the years 2026-2030, 2026-2050, and 2026-2100 [33][46] Summary by Sections Introduction - Climate change is accelerating health impacts, including heat-related illnesses and vector-borne diseases, with LMICs expected to face significant increases in morbidity and damage to health facilities [43][44] Methods - The report utilizes climate scenarios from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) to project health impacts and economic costs, focusing on selected health risks such as extreme heat, waterborne diseases, and vector-borne diseases [46][50] Impacts of Climate Change on Health - Between 2026 and 2050, climate change is projected to cause between 4.1 billion and 5.2 billion cases of health impacts across LMICs, with deaths potentially reaching between 14.5 million and 15.6 million by 2050 [35][36] - Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are expected to bear the brunt of these health impacts, with SSA projected to experience approximately 71% of all cases and nearly half of all deaths caused by climate change [37][40] Economic Cost of Inaction - The economic cost of health impacts due to climate change is projected to reach between USD 11.0 trillion and USD 20.8 trillion under different scenarios, translating to 0.7% to 1.3% of GDP in LMICs [36][37] Policy Implications and Future Directions - The report calls for urgent, transformative action to strengthen health systems and limit the impacts of climate change, advocating for a health systems approach rather than a focus on specific diseases [16][40]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry analyzed Core Insights - The report highlights a paradox in Malaysia's economic growth, where high GDP growth and significant reductions in income poverty and inequality coexist with widespread public discontent [3][8][19] - Despite improvements in material living standards, citizens report challenges such as income-expense imbalances, reliance on dual incomes, growing indebtedness, and ethnic polarization [3][8][19] Summary by Sections Introduction - The paper discusses Malaysia's economic success juxtaposed with social discontent, particularly following the 2018 elections [8][19] - It documents the Malaysian "miracle" through diverse data and qualitative focus group discussions to understand citizen perceptions and challenges [3][8] Economic Success: Miracle vs. Paradox - Malaysia transitioned from a low-income country to an upper-middle-income country, with GDP per capita rising significantly and poverty rates dropping from 49.3% in 1970 to 0.4% in 2016 [19][21] - The New Economic Policy (NEP) aimed to eradicate poverty and restructure society, leading to improvements across ethnic groups [31][35] Focus Group Analysis - The report includes findings from 56 focus group discussions, revealing both positive and negative aspects of intergenerational change, including improvements in education, poverty levels, and infrastructure [46][55] - However, a significant number of participants reported an imbalance between income and expenses, indicating that rising costs of living have outpaced income growth [66] The Downside of Progress - A majority of focus group participants expressed feelings of economic strain despite visible progress, citing the need for multiple jobs and dual-income households to meet basic needs [66] - The qualitative data suggests that while material conditions have improved, many Malaysians feel worse off due to rising living costs and social disparities [66]

Investment Rating - The report emphasizes the potential for state-owned financial institutions (SOFIs) and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to drive green investments in Uzbekistan, suggesting a positive outlook for their role in climate action financing [14][15][26]. Core Insights - The Government of Uzbekistan is committed to a green economic transition, recalibrating investment policies and introducing incentives to spur climate investment, with a target of allocating 30% of state funding to green projects by 2026 [14][41]. - SOFIs and SOEs collectively hold significant financial power, with nine SOFIs providing 70% of all loans in the economy, and state investment funds expected to finance about 10% of GDP in 2024 [15][54]. - The report identifies three prime candidates for green financing: the Entrepreneurship Development Company (EDC), Business Development Bank (BDB), and Uzbekistan Mortgage Refinancing Company (UzMRC), each with specific strategies and goals for green investments [19][20][21]. Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Uzbekistan's government has initiated a green economic transition, aligning investment policies and introducing incentives for climate investment [14]. - SOFIs and SOEs are seen as crucial for mobilizing private sector investments by reducing market risks associated with green technologies [16][26]. Purpose and Approach - The study aims to identify SOFIs and SOEs that can effectively adopt climate change and environmental targets in their financing operations, with a focus on readiness to implement the National Green Economy Taxonomy (NGET) [40][41]. The Footprint of Public Finance - A long list of 26 state funds and 37 SOEs was compiled, with significant government spending projected for 2024, including UZS 99 trillion (7.7% of GDP) from state funds [54][55]. - SOEs are expected to play a vital role in enhancing infrastructure and promoting technological advancements, with a budget allocation of UZS 28.1 trillion (2.2% of GDP) for investments [55]. Priority Entities - EDC aims for 35% of its financing to be green by 2026, while BDB is developing a Sustainable Finance Framework and plans to join international green finance platforms [20][21]. - UzMRC is positioned to lead in green housing finance and is preparing to issue green bonds, contingent on the adoption of industry-wide standards for green buildings [22]. Recommendations - The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) should leverage its shareholder rights to mandate green investment strategies across SOFIs and SOEs, ensuring alignment with national climate goals [17][25]. - A central coordination function for climate finance is recommended to streamline resources and optimize synergies between public incentives and private capital [16][17].

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the World Bank Group's activities in Mauritania Core Insights - The World Bank Group (WBG) is perceived as a long-term partner in Mauritania, with improved accessibility and effectiveness ratings compared to previous years [50][51] - Familiarity with the WBG has decreased among stakeholders, impacting their perceptions of its effectiveness [12][26] - Key development priorities identified by stakeholders include education, agriculture, and water/sanitation, with a notable increase in the importance of social protection [36][39] Objectives - The survey aimed to understand stakeholder perceptions of the WBG, focusing on familiarity, effectiveness, development priorities, and engagement [4] - It explored how stakeholders view the WBG's alignment with Mauritania's development needs and its overall impact [4] Methodology Overview - Conducted from January to March 2024, the survey included 320 participants with a 46% response rate [5][6] - The survey utilized a mix of face-to-face, courier, and online methods for data collection [5] Overall Context - Stakeholders expressed a need for the WBG to decentralize its activities and focus on local community engagement to combat corruption and improve development outcomes [10] - Trust in the WBG has improved, particularly among civil society organizations, while academia reported lower trust levels [19][20] Key Performance Indicators - The WBG's effectiveness in helping Mauritania achieve development results received a mean rating of 7.3, an increase from 6.1 in FY21 [21] - Ratings for the WBG's relevance and alignment with development priorities were moderately positive, with mean scores of 6.6 and 6.5 respectively [20][30] Development Areas for Focus - Stakeholders prioritized education (51%), agriculture/food security (49%), and water/sanitation (42%) as key areas for WBG investment [36][39] - Climate change emerged as a significant concern, with 15% of respondents identifying it as a priority area [37] Effectiveness of WBG's Sectoral Support - The WBG received high effectiveness ratings in health and agriculture/food security, with notable improvements in social inclusion ratings compared to FY21 [45] - Perceptions of the WBG's financial instruments and project monitoring have improved significantly, indicating a positive trend in stakeholder satisfaction [65][66] Future Role of the WBG - Stakeholders emphasized the importance of transparency, local engagement, and tailored development initiatives to enhance the WBG's effectiveness in Mauritania [73]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry or company Core Insights - Huawei is showcasing innovations in 5.5G and mobile AI, emphasizing its commitment to Turkish operators as they prepare for 5G deployment in 2026 [2][3] - The company is focusing on advancements in radio infrastructure, AI-driven network automation, and core network enhancements despite restrictions in Western markets [3][4] - Huawei's innovations aim to address challenges in mobile network monetization and operational efficiency faced by Western operators [4] Summary by Sections Innovations in 5G and AI - Huawei introduced its new 5G-AA solutions, emphasizing the convergence of 5.5G and AI, which includes capabilities for network performance and user experience improvements [6] - Key Massive MIMO innovations include: - Sub-1 GHz Massive MIMO, which enhances spectral efficiency and improves user experience [6] - Blade AAU X, which reduces site space and operational expenditure [7] - U6GHz AAU, capable of supporting up to 100 Gbps [8] - EasyAAU, designed for rapid deployment in urban and rural areas [9] Microwave Backhaul Innovations - Huawei continues to lead in microwave technology, with new products like MAGICSwave Full Duplex supporting up to 50 Gbps throughput [13] - The RuralCOW solution simplifies rural coverage deployments, enhancing network rollout efficiency [14] - Integrated Antenna and Microwave solutions aim to reduce installation time and improve overall deployment [15] Cellular Base Station Antenna Development - The Alpha series antenna features innovations that reduce weight and improve coverage, integrating advanced technologies for better efficiency [18][19] - The design aims to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs associated with tower management [22] Core Network Solutions - Huawei emphasizes stability and versatility in core network solutions, integrating Generative AI for improved operations and maintenance [23][24] - The introduction of various AI agents aims to streamline network operations and enhance efficiency [25][26] Intelligent RAN and Mobile AI - Huawei's Intelligent RAN suite aims to automate and optimize 5G networks, reducing operational costs and improving user experience [28][29] - The Mobile AI concept focuses on leveraging 5.5G networks for new use cases, enhancing overall network performance [30][31]

Industry Overview - WHO is currently responding to 40 graded emergencies worldwide, including 11 Grade-3 emergencies, 7 protracted Grade-3 emergencies, 10 Grade-2 emergencies, 9 protracted Grade-2 emergencies, and 3 Grade-1 emergencies [1] - The mpox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other countries was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 14 August 2024 [2] - Nearly US$ 48 million has been released by WHO's Contingency Fund for Emergencies (CFE) in 2024 to provide humanitarian health assistance for 26 emergencies [3] Key Figures and Operations - The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) has supported 45 deployments in 2024, with the highest number of deployments in response to the escalation of violence in Israel and occupied Palestinian territories (13) [4] - OpenWHO org has reached 9 million enrolments across 295 online public health courses, with 760 000 enrolments in 2024 [4] - Standby Partners have supported WHO's response to 12 graded emergencies through the deployment of 43 new surge personnel to 19 WHO offices in 2024 [4] Mpox Outbreak Response - From 1 January 2022 to the end of September 2024, 123 WHO Member States reported a total of 109 699 laboratory-confirmed mpox cases, with 13 106 cases reported from 23 African countries [6] - The MVA-BN vaccine, the first WHO-prequalified mpox vaccine, has an estimated 76% effectiveness with a single dose and 82% effectiveness with a two-dose schedule [7] - The Democratic Republic of the Congo received 265 000 doses of the MVA-BN vaccine, and Rwanda received 5 420 doses as part of bilateral donations [7] - Over 5 9 million doses of mpox vaccine have been pledged by 15 countries and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, with the first allocation of 899 000 doses made to nine countries on 28 October 2024 [9] Emergency Polio Vaccination in Gaza - An emergency polio vaccination campaign in Gaza vaccinated 559 161 children with a first dose of nOPV2, representing an estimated 95% of eligible children [14] - The second round of the campaign vaccinated 556 774 children under the age of 10 with a second dose of polio vaccine and 448 425 children between 2-10 years old received vitamin A [16] Sudan Healthcare Crisis - Since April 2023, there have been 108 verified attacks on healthcare facilities in Sudan, with over 75 involving health facilities and 45 impacting health personnel [17] - WHO estimates that 70-80% of health facilities in conflict-affected areas of Sudan are barely operational or closed, impacting millions of people [19] Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) - Senegal has become the first African country to receive WHO classification for its Emergency Medical Team (EMT), capable of deploying within 72 hours to provide medical and surgical care to up to 2 500 patients for a four-week period [21] Ukraine Healthcare Support - WHO has installed 18 modular primary healthcare clinics in Ukraine, with the latest clinic in Tsyrkuny serving around 12 000 patients per year [25] - Each modular clinic can be set up in 10 to 14 days and has a lifespan of more than 10 years, ensuring long-term healthcare access in conflict-affected areas [27] Global Outbreak Response Handbook - The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) published a National Outbreak Response Handbook in June 2024, aimed at strengthening national capacity for resilient health systems during public health events [28] Avian Influenza in Cambodia - Cambodia has reported 15 human cases of avian influenza in 2023, with five fatalities, prompting WHO and the Ministry of Health to launch a communication campaign during the Khmer New Year festival season [30] - The campaign reached 8 8 million people and garnered 1 2 million engagements, highlighting the need for tailored behavioural messages to address local attitudes [31] Climate-Resilient Healthcare Facilities - A consortium involving WHO Téchne and academic institutions in Southeast Asia has developed a Comprehensive Resilience Assessment System (CRAS) Tool to evaluate climate resilience and environmental sustainability of primary healthcare facilities [45] CBRN Clinical Training Standards - WHO is developing unified standards for training healthcare workers on radiological, nuclear, and chemical hazards, with a preliminary curriculum drafted during a workshop in August 2024 [46] WHO Global Logistics Hub - WHO's Global Logistics Hub delivered US$ 28 million worth of goods in 2024, including 86 metric tonnes of trauma and emergency surgery supplies to Lebanon within a 24-hour operational period [49] - The Hub is expected to complete over 40 charter flights in 2024, primarily in response to humanitarian crises in Gaza, Sudan, and Lebanon [49] OpenWHO Afghanistan Channel - WHO's Afghanistan channel on OpenWHO org has provided access to critical public health courses in Dari and Pashto, with strong use among younger demographics and health care professionals [52]