Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the significance of the five ancient capitals along the Luo River, showcasing the continuity, innovation, unity, inclusiveness, and peace of Chinese civilization over 5,000 years [19][27]. Group 1: Historical Significance - The Erlitou site represents the foundation of China's earliest broad-based monarchy, featuring the earliest city layout, road networks, bronze ritual vessels, and palace architecture, marking a significant transition in civilization [20]. - The Yanshi Shangcheng site, built after the Shang dynasty's conquest of the Xia, exemplifies the first capital of the Shang dynasty with its three-layered city walls and layout, indicating a shift to a theocratic political system [21]. - The Eastern Zhou Wangcheng site, established after the Zhou dynasty's relocation, symbolizes the longest dynasty in Chinese history, with archaeological findings reflecting the era's moral and ceremonial values [22]. Group 2: Cultural Integration - The Han and Wei Luoyang city, covering 100 square kilometers, was the largest city of its time, showcasing the integration of nomadic and agrarian cultures through various artifacts and architectural styles [23][24][25]. - The Sui and Tang Luoyang city represents the peak of civilization, with its urban planning and infrastructure reflecting the prosperity and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road [26]. Group 3: Civilizational Characteristics - The five capitals along the Luo River illustrate the resilience of Chinese civilization through their geographical and cultural continuity, innovative urban planning, and the evolution of governance [27]. - The article emphasizes the importance of peace and inclusiveness in the development of these ancient cities, highlighting their roles in fostering trade and cultural exchanges [27].