撰文丨王聪 编辑丨王多鱼 排版丨水成文 在生活中，我们常常看到"连胜"现象：一次胜利往往会增加后续获胜的概率。这种被称 为" 胜者效应 " （ winner effect ） 的心理现象，在体育比赛、商业竞争等多个领域都有体现。 以往的研究表明， " 胜者效应 " 在雄性中表现得更为明显。例如，在网球、柔道等竞技项目中，男性运动 员在获胜后，后续比赛获胜的概率会显著提升，女性运动员则没有表现出同样的规律。 然而， " 胜者效应 "的 这种 性别差异 背后的神经机制一直是个谜。 2025 年 10 月 15 日， 浙江大学 胡海岚 教授团队 （ 郑迪 旸 为论文第一作者 ） 在 Cell 子刊 N euron 上 发表题为： Neural mechanism of the sexually dimorphic winner effect in mice 的研究论文。 该研究 解析了 " 胜者效应 "的 性别差异机制 ，雌性小鼠同样具有 "胜者效应"，但其强度却显著弱于雄性 小鼠，即表现出 弱 "胜者效应" ，这一性别差异 是由 背内侧前额叶皮层 （dmPFC） 中的一类抑制性神经 元—— 小清蛋白中间神经元 （ ...

Core Insights - The article discusses a study revealing that both gender (male) and smoking are significant risk factors for bladder cancer, influencing the selection and accumulation of specific somatic mutations in normal bladder tissue long before cancer develops [3][9]. Group 1: Molecular Basis of Gender Differences - The study found that male bladder tissue accumulates significantly more driver mutations in key genes (RBM10, CDKN1A, ARID1A) compared to females, indicating a stronger survival or proliferation advantage for cells with these harmful mutations [7]. - This accumulation of "latent" harmful cell clones in males explains the higher risk of bladder cancer in men [7]. Group 2: Impact of Smoking and Aging - The research identified that TERT promoter mutations, common drivers of bladder cancer, can promote the expansion of clones in normal bladder tissue, showing a strong positive correlation with age and smoking history [7]. - Smoking and aging processes directly enhance the growth of potentially carcinogenic clones in normal tissue, significantly increasing cancer risk [7]. Group 3: Research Methodology - The study utilized ultra-deep double-strand DNA sequencing (approximately 5000× depth) to analyze 79 normal bladder samples from 45 individuals, identifying thousands of clone-driving mutations across 16 genes [8]. - This "Natural Saturation Mutagenesis" approach allows for a more accurate reflection of human biology compared to traditional cell line or animal model experiments, providing insights into precancerous lesions in various tissues [8]. Group 4: Implications for Cancer Risk and Prevention - The findings challenge the traditional dichotomy of "health" and "disease," showing that cancer risk factors like male gender and smoking begin shaping normal tissue cell clone landscapes years before cancer onset [9]. - The study offers new molecular targets and theoretical foundations for high-risk population screening and early intervention for bladder cancer [9].