Core Insights - The article discusses the psychological mechanisms behind the popularity of casual games, highlighting how they engage players through simple rules and immediate feedback [1][2][3] Group 1: Behavioral Economics - The concept of "near-miss effect" is explained, where players overestimate their chances of success after a near success, leading to repeated attempts [1] - "Time preference" or "time discounting" is introduced, indicating that people have a natural inclination towards immediate rewards, which casual games provide through timely and frequent feedback [2] Group 2: Real-Life Applications - The article draws parallels between gaming experiences and real-life scenarios, such as the urgency felt in limited-time offers or the pressure of deadlines, emphasizing the competition against time [3] - It illustrates how games like "2048" reflect decision-making processes in real life, where seemingly minor choices can lead to significant long-term consequences [3]

Core Insights - The article discusses the importance of integrating economic impatience indicators and psychological grit measures in empirical studies of intertemporal decisions, highlighting their predictive power for financial and health outcomes [6][8]. Group 1: Individual Decision-Making - Incorporating both economic impatience and psychological grit in empirical research can enhance understanding of individual decision-making over time [6][8]. - The study finds a significant association between impatience and the perseverance of effort component of grit, while no significant link is found between time inconsistency and grit [6][8]. Group 2: Risk Attitudes - A longitudinal study of university students reveals that risk tolerance, measured through incentivized lottery choices, tends to increase over time, contrasting with non-incentivized survey measures that show greater sensitivity to negative shocks [9][10]. - The findings emphasize the need for appropriate measurement methods when investigating risk attitudes, as incentivized measures provide more stable results compared to survey-based assessments [9][10]. Group 3: Visual Presentation and Decision-Making - The concept of trend dominance indicates that individuals prefer improving trends over time, even at the cost of overall welfare, suggesting a cognitive bias in evaluating sequential data [12][13]. - The article highlights the importance of considering cognitive biases in the design of visual presentations, as they can significantly influence decision-making processes [12][13]. Group 4: Expectation Management - Managed Expectations Theory posits that individuals' ex ante assessments of probabilities serve as reference points that shape their ex post utility, with empirical support showing that lower expectations correlate with higher utility for good outcomes [19][22]. - This theory challenges traditional views in prospect theory by introducing the role of probability assessments in shaping decision outcomes [19][22]. Group 5: Cognitive Biases - Query Theory provides a psychological framework for understanding how attentional processes and memory dynamics lead to framing effects and other decision-making anomalies [27][28]. - The meta-analysis of query theory findings indicates that decision frames significantly affect query order, which in turn influences choice behavior [27][28].