Core Insights - The latest research from China's Chang'e 6 lunar samples reveals that the lunar mantle on the far side of the moon is colder compared to the near side, contributing to the understanding of the moon's "bipolarity" phenomenon [1][4]. Group 1: Lunar Bipolarity - The research identifies the differences between the moon's near and far sides as a "bipolarity" phenomenon, which is crucial for exploring the moon's mysteries and may be linked to its formation and evolutionary history [2]. - Significant differences exist in topography, elemental distribution, and rock characteristics between the near and far sides, with the near side being flatter and having more basaltic plains, while the far side is rugged with fewer maria [2][3]. Group 2: Importance of Lunar Mantle - The sampling area for the Chang'e 6 mission, the South Pole-Aitken Basin, is recognized as the largest and deepest impact basin on the moon, potentially containing deep lunar materials [3]. - The lunar mantle, located beneath the crust, is the largest component of the moon and is critical for understanding its volcanic history and evolution [3]. Group 3: Research Methodology and Findings - The research team employed multiple independent methods to confirm that the crystallization temperature of the basalt samples from the Chang'e 6 mission is lower than that of samples from the near side, such as those from Chang'e 5 [4]. - The study constructed a robust evidence chain using petrology and geochemistry to explain the temperature differences in the lunar mantle between the near and far sides, suggesting that radioactive element distribution may play a role [4].

Core Findings - The Chang'e 6 lunar sample has revealed new insights into the "ultra-reduced" state of the lunar mantle, enhancing understanding of the moon's internal composition and formation [1][5] - The lunar mantle, which is over 1000 kilometers thick and constitutes more than half of the moon's volume, is a key source of magma activity and volcanic eruptions, influencing lunar evolution [3] Research Insights - The lunar mantle from the Chang'e 6 landing site is found to be drier, poorer, and more reduced compared to the lunar mantle on the moon's front side, indicating a lack of oxidation or a subsequent reduction possibly due to large impact events [5][7] - Differences in basalt distribution, geological features, chemical composition, and crust thickness between the moon's front and back sides are significant, with ongoing research into the oxidation-reduction states of the lunar mantle [5][7] Sample Distribution and Research Applications - A total of 125.42 grams of lunar research samples have been distributed in nine batches, including samples requested by seven institutions from six other countries [8][9] - The application process for lunar samples involves a strict online submission and expert review system, with an average processing time of about five months from application to sample distribution [11][13] - Research focus has shifted from traditional geological analysis to engineering applications, including in-situ resource utilization and lunar soil brick production, with numerous engineering institutions now involved in lunar sample research [13]