Group 1: Battery Classification and Performance Parameters - The article discusses various types of batteries and their performance parameters, including open circuit voltage, working voltage, rated voltage, discharge cutoff voltage, and charging limit voltage [3][4]. - It defines battery capacity (Ah) as the amount of charge a battery can store, which is a crucial indicator of battery performance [5][6]. - The power of a battery (W/kW) is described as the energy output per unit time under specific discharge conditions, with formulas provided for calculating power and power density [9][10]. Group 2: Energy and Density Metrics - Battery energy (Wh) is defined as the amount of energy stored in a battery, influencing the driving range of electric vehicles [12][13]. - Energy density and specific energy (Wh/kg) are critical metrics that indicate the energy released per unit volume or mass, with lithium batteries showing significantly higher energy density compared to nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydride batteries [14][15]. Group 3: Discharge and Charging Characteristics - Discharge rate (A) refers to the current required to release the rated capacity within a specified time, which is essential for understanding battery performance [16]. - The article explains different charging methods, including constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) and trickle charging, highlighting their applications in various battery types [18][19]. Group 4: Battery Lifespan and Self-Discharge - Cycle life is defined as the number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can undergo before its capacity drops to 80%, with various factors affecting this lifespan [26]. - Self-discharge rate (%/month) indicates the capacity loss during storage, influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature [22][25]. Group 5: Additional Battery Characteristics - The article mentions memory effect, particularly in nickel-cadmium batteries, and emphasizes that lithium-ion batteries do not exhibit this effect [28]. - Consistency within battery packs is crucial, as the overall performance and lifespan depend on the weakest cell, necessitating high uniformity among individual cells [30].