Core Viewpoint - The article questions the public's misjudgment regarding the U.S. rare earth refining technology and argues that the U.S. is accelerating the "re-industrialization" of its rare earth supply chain through various partnerships and initiatives, challenging China's dominance in the market [1][3]. Group 1: U.S. and Turkey Collaboration - Turkey has decided to collaborate with the U.S. to develop the newly discovered Beylikova rare earth deposit after unsuccessful negotiations with Russia and China [4][6]. - The Beylikova deposit contains critical elements such as cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium, which are essential for high-tech industries, including electric vehicles and wind turbines [4][6]. - Turkey's shift towards the U.S. partnership is part of a broader strategy to reduce reliance on China for rare earth elements [7][9]. Group 2: Pakistan's Rare Earth Deal - Pakistan has initiated a $500 million partnership with the U.S., delivering its first batch of concentrated rare earth elements, marking a significant shift in U.S.-Pakistan relations [10][11]. - The agreement includes establishing a multi-metal rare earth refining facility in Pakistan, which is expected to enhance the supply chain security for both nations [13]. Group 3: MP Materials' Strategic Shift - MP Materials has ceased exporting rare earth ores to China, a move aligned with the U.S. efforts to re-establish its domestic rare earth supply chain [15][19]. - This decision reflects a significant change in the dynamics of rare earth trade, indicating a growing determination by the U.S. to regain control over its strategic supply chains [17][19]. - The company has transitioned to refining all its rare earth concentrates domestically, enhancing its capability to produce rare earth metals independently [19]. Group 4: Historical Context and Future Implications - Historically, the U.S. accounted for 50% of the global rare earth market until the 1990s, but has since seen a decline due to various factors, including China's strategic investments [21][23]. - The U.S. has been working to rebuild its rare earth refining capabilities since 2010, with recent developments indicating a potential shift in market dynamics that could lead to a decline in China's market share [21][23].