Core Viewpoint - The research highlights the development of a genetically engineered optoenergetic rhodopsin (mt-EcGAPR) that utilizes ambient light to power mitochondria, potentially alleviating retinal neurodegeneration, particularly in glaucoma [3][10]. Group 1: Mitochondrial Function and Disease - Mitochondria are essential for energy production, ion homeostasis, and cell survival, with their proton motive force playing a critical role in ATP synthesis and calcium balance [2]. - Dysregulation of mitochondrial proton motive force is linked to various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and aging [2]. Group 2: Research Development - The study introduces mt-EcGAPR, a mitochondrial-targeted proton pump that can harness environmental light to generate energy for mitochondria, thereby mitigating retinal neurodegeneration [3][8]. - The research demonstrates that mt-EcGAPR significantly increases ATP production and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in a mouse model of glaucoma [8]. Group 3: Mechanism and Implications - Mechanistically, mt-EcGAPR protects retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death pathways, ultimately improving vision in glaucoma models [8][10]. - This study positions mt-EcGAPR as a promising therapeutic strategy for glaucoma and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction [10].