Core Viewpoint - The widespread presence of microplastics, particularly Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poses significant risks to male reproductive health, as evidenced by a decline in sperm quality linked to PTFE exposure [2][3][5][7]. Group 1: Microplastics and Human Health - Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5mm, are pervasive environmental pollutants that humans inevitably ingest through food, air, and skin contact, with an estimated weekly intake of 0.1-5 grams [2]. - Studies have detected microplastics in various human tissues, including feces, lungs, blood, placenta, and breast milk, indicating widespread contamination [2]. Group 2: Research Findings on PTFE - A study published in eBioMedicine found that microplastics, particularly PTFE, are commonly present in male semen and urine samples across different regions in China, correlating with significant declines in sperm quality [2][3]. - The detection rate of PTFE microplastics in the male urogenital system is as high as 46.62%, with accumulation effects observed as age increases, further linking it to decreased sperm quality [5]. Group 3: Mechanisms of Impact - PTFE exposure has been shown to delay the development of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, disrupt chromosome pairing, and promote apoptosis in spermatocytes, leading to impaired sperm function [5][7]. - The specific targeting of the SKAP2 protein by PTFE exposure results in damaged sperm cytoskeleton, abnormal sperm morphology, and reduced sperm motility [5][7]. Group 4: Therapeutic Approaches - The research team developed a targeted therapeutic approach using milk extracellular vesicles rich in SKAP2 (mEV-SKAP2), which can restore sperm cytoskeleton and morphology, thereby improving sperm motility and male fertility [3][5][7]. - This study highlights the potential of SKAP2-based extracellular vesicle therapy as a promising strategy for addressing sperm quality decline due to PTFE exposure, with significant implications for clinical treatment of male infertility [7].