Core Viewpoint - The development of zero-carbon parks faces significant challenges, including conflicts between traditional centralized energy systems and emerging distributed energy systems, which hinder the effective implementation of zero-carbon initiatives [1][2]. Group 1: Zero-Carbon Park Characteristics - Zero-carbon parks are fundamentally based on distributed energy systems, which are essential units in the energy transition process [2]. - The future energy system architecture should prioritize distributed energy systems while incorporating centralized systems as a supplementary component [2]. - The traditional large energy system is characterized by regulatory frameworks that ensure fair access for users, but innovations that reduce energy sales can disrupt the recovery of fixed network costs [2]. Group 2: Global Trends and Cost Dynamics - There is no official definition for "zero-carbon parks," but common goals include achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through various methods such as energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy utilization [3]. - The construction conditions for zero-carbon parks in China are becoming increasingly mature, evidenced by significant reductions in renewable energy production costs. For instance, the levelized cost of solar photovoltaic power is projected to drop from 0.90 yuan/kWh in 2014 to around 0.20 yuan/kWh by 2024, a decrease of 78% [3]. - Onshore wind power costs are also declining, from 0.55 yuan/kWh to approximately 0.18 yuan/kWh, a reduction of 67% [3]. Group 3: Opportunities for Low-Carbon Transition - During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the construction of zero-carbon parks will be a key focus for local governments in promoting low-carbon transitions [4]. - Local governments are seen as the primary agents of reform, as they have the authority to implement mechanisms that facilitate the development of distributed energy systems [4]. - Zero-carbon parks present an opportunity for localities to leverage distributed energy systems to drive industrial low-carbon transitions and create synergies between low-carbon energy, industry, and the economy [4]. Group 4: Recommendations for Development - A shift in mindset is necessary to understand zero-carbon park construction through the lens of energy system transformation rather than traditional project-based thinking [5]. - Integrating energy system transformation logic into electricity system reforms is crucial, including adjustments to electricity pricing structures to reduce reliance on sales volume [5]. - Accelerating the reform of heating systems within zero-carbon parks is essential, as achieving zero-carbon heating supply is more feasible than in electricity, which could significantly impact traditional heating utility business models [5]. Group 5: Balancing Interests - The reform and innovation of mechanisms for zero-carbon parks must seek a balance between the interests of large and small energy systems, which poses a significant challenge for local governments [6].