Group 1 - The article discusses two types of environmental emergencies: those caused by pollution control facility failures and those resulting from secondary environmental hazards due to other safety production accidents [1] - Japan adheres to the principle of "polluter pays," holding the responsible parties accountable for environmental pollution, which leads to a culture of responsibility among companies [1] - In contrast, China's approach prioritizes public welfare and mobilizes administrative and social resources to control incidents, but lacks stringent penalties for companies, leading to some firms taking risks [1] Group 2 - Accurately defining responsibilities is crucial to reducing the occurrence of environmental emergencies, as awareness of consequences encourages diligence in routine work [2] - Administrative responsibilities for environmental emergencies are divided into two levels: preventing incidents and addressing improper actions during the response [2] - A fault-tolerant mechanism is suggested to protect frontline workers' innovative spirit, as long as their actions are based on expert validation and collective research [2]