Core Insights - The research identifies a small DNA segment named HAR123 as a key to understanding the uniqueness of the human brain [1][2] - HAR123 is described as a "brain development regulator" that precisely guides the generation and distribution of brain cells [1] - The human version of HAR123 significantly differs from that of chimpanzees, potentially contributing to enhanced cognitive and learning abilities in humans [1] Group 1: Research Findings - The study focuses on human accelerated regions (HAR) in the genome, which have accumulated a high number of mutations during human evolution [1] - HAR123 stands out among these regions as a transcriptional enhancer that regulates gene activation levels and timing [1] - It promotes the development of neural progenitor cells while also regulating the ratio of neurons to glial cells, leading to unique cognitive flexibility in humans [1] Group 2: Implications - Experiments show significant differences in molecular effects between human and chimpanzee versions of HAR123 in stem cells [2] - This discovery not only sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of brain evolution but also offers new insights for researching neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism [2]