团队称，这种基于组合的学习方式，或许正是人类能够高效学习新技能而不遗忘旧技能的关键。相比之 下，当前AI系统常遭遇"灾难性干扰"问题——学会新任务后，往往会覆盖掉之前的记忆。如果将人脑这 种模块化、可重组的机制引入AI，或许能开发出可以持续学习而不遗忘的智能系统。同时，这项发现 对理解某些精神疾病和脑损伤也具有临床意义。 团队此次训练了两只雄性恒河猴完成三项相关的分类任务，并在过程中记录了它们的大脑活动。这些任 务类似于判断屏幕上模糊的图像更像兔子还是字母"T"，或是更接近红色还是绿色。图像模糊程度不 一，有时差异明显，有时则十分细微。猴子通过朝不同方向看来表达它们的判断。实验设计的关键在 于，每项任务虽各有不同，但共享某些认知要素，从而可以检验大脑如何重复使用相同的神经活动模 式。 通过多脑区分析后团队发现，前额叶皮层（负责高级认知功能的脑区）包含若干可重复使用的活动模 式，它们对应不同的"认知积木"，大脑通过灵活拼接这些"积木"来构建新行为。 此外，前额叶皮层还会在不需要某些认知模块时抑制其活动，从而帮助大脑集中处理当前任务。这是因 为认知资源是有限的，大脑会确保主要目标任务不被干扰。 【总编辑圈点】 来 ...

美国普林斯顿大学神经科学家在一项新研究中，揭示了大脑在人工智能（AI）面前保持优势的一个关 键机制：大脑会在不同任务中重复使用相同的认知"模块"，通过组合和重组这些模块，如同"拼积木"一 般，大脑能够迅速构建新的行为模式。这项研究发表在最新一期《自然》杂志上。 团队称，这种基于组合的学习方式，或许正是人类能够高效学习新技能而不遗忘旧技能的关键。相比之 下，当前AI系统常遭遇"灾难性干扰"问题——学会新任务后，往往会覆盖掉之前的记忆。如果将人脑这 种模块化、可重组的机制引入AI，或许能开发出可以持续学习而不遗忘的智能系统。同时，这项发现 对理解某些精神疾病和脑损伤也具有临床意义。 （文章来源：科技日报） 团队此次训练了两只雄性恒河猴完成三项相关的分类任务，并在过程中记录了它们的大脑活动。这些任 务类似于判断屏幕上模糊的图像更像兔子还是字母"T"，或是更接近红色还是绿色。图像模糊程度不 一，有时差异明显，有时则十分细微。猴子通过朝不同方向看来表达它们的判断。实验设计的关键在 于，每项任务虽各有不同，但共享某些认知要素，从而可以检验大脑如何重复使用相同的神经活动模 式。 通过多脑区分析后团队发现，前额叶皮层（负责高 ...

Core Insights - The essence of effective leadership lies in navigating the tension between seemingly opposing forces and finding a balance that allows for coexistence [2][3] - Embracing complexity rather than eliminating it is crucial for effective management, as it opens up new possibilities and fosters innovation [5][11] Group 1: Leadership Strategies - Leaders must learn to accept conflicting viewpoints and create space for coexistence rather than succumbing to indecision or attempting to eliminate tension [3][4] - The concept of "embracing inclusivity" is vital, allowing leaders to pursue speed without sacrificing quality, and innovation without compromising consistency [4][5] - Cultivating cognitive flexibility enables leaders to switch perspectives and accommodate opposing views, which is essential in uncertain and complex environments [5][6] Group 2: Decision-Making and Communication - Transparency in the decision-making process, including the trade-offs involved, builds trust and enhances team morale [7][10] - Effective communication of the rationale behind decisions helps align team members and fosters a shared understanding of objectives [10][12] - Encouraging constructive dissent and debate within teams can lead to improved decision quality and innovation [13][14] Group 3: Fostering a Culture of Innovation - Establishing a "safe zone" for experimentation encourages team members to take risks and learn from failures without fear of repercussions [11][12] - Creating an environment that values open dialogue and constructive conflict can stimulate creativity and drive progress [12][15] - Leaders should actively seek opportunities for intellectual friction, as it can lead to breakthroughs and new pathways for growth [12][14]

Core Viewpoint - Effective leadership involves balancing seemingly contradictory forces and embracing complexity rather than eliminating it, allowing for coexistence and innovation [2][3][6] Group 1: Embracing Complexity - Managers must accept conflicting viewpoints and create space for coexistence instead of succumbing to indecision or attempting to eliminate tension [3][4] - The pursuit of speed should not compromise quality; a balanced approach is essential to avoid burnout and inefficiency [5][6] - Cultivating cognitive flexibility allows leaders to navigate uncertainty and complexity by considering multiple perspectives and adjusting strategies accordingly [6][7] Group 2: Decision-Making and Trade-offs - Decision-making inherently involves trade-offs, and transparency in this process can build trust within teams [9][10] - Clearly communicating the rationale behind decisions helps align team members and enhances their commitment to execution [10][12] - Establishing a "safe zone" for experimentation encourages innovation while maintaining clear boundaries and accountability [12][13] Group 3: Encouraging Constructive Conflict - Avoiding conflict can stifle creativity and lead to stagnation; fostering an environment where constructive disagreements are welcomed can enhance decision quality [13][14] - Encouraging open discussions and diverse viewpoints can lead to innovative solutions and a culture of psychological safety [15][16] - Leaders should actively create opportunities for debate and critical thinking to drive progress and exploration of new paths [14][15]

Core Insights - The research identifies a small DNA segment named HAR123 as a key to understanding the uniqueness of the human brain [1][2] - HAR123 is described as a "brain development regulator" that precisely guides the generation and distribution of brain cells [1] - The human version of HAR123 significantly differs from that of chimpanzees, potentially contributing to enhanced cognitive and learning abilities in humans [1] Group 1: Research Findings - The study focuses on human accelerated regions (HAR) in the genome, which have accumulated a high number of mutations during human evolution [1] - HAR123 stands out among these regions as a transcriptional enhancer that regulates gene activation levels and timing [1] - It promotes the development of neural progenitor cells while also regulating the ratio of neurons to glial cells, leading to unique cognitive flexibility in humans [1] Group 2: Implications - Experiments show significant differences in molecular effects between human and chimpanzee versions of HAR123 in stem cells [2] - This discovery not only sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of brain evolution but also offers new insights for researching neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism [2]

Group 1 - Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch between different concepts, perspectives, and viewpoints, allowing individuals to adapt to new situations [4][3] - This ability is crucial as it significantly influences how individuals respond to stress and challenges [5][6] - The brain tends to conserve energy by assuming stability in the world, leading to difficulties when faced with disruptions [7][8] Group 2 - Chronic stress can lead to negative thought patterns and a tendency to view problems in a severe light, which can hinder effective problem-solving [11][12] - Individuals lacking coping mechanisms for stress may develop a habit of negative thinking, which can further exacerbate feelings of anxiety and insecurity [13][15] - Cognitive flexibility can help break this cycle by allowing for the restructuring of neural connections in the brain, promoting a more positive outlook [17][22] Group 3 - High cognitive flexibility enables individuals to view challenges as opportunities for growth rather than disruptions to their routine [26][27] - Such individuals are more likely to learn from failures and seek new methods rather than becoming discouraged [28][29] - They maintain a relaxed attitude towards unexpected events, viewing life as a series of experiences to be embraced [30][31] Group 4 - To cultivate cognitive flexibility, individuals can practice switching their thinking styles and maintaining an open mindset [32][38] - Engaging in diverse activities and expanding social circles can stimulate the brain and enhance cognitive flexibility [40][42] - Developing personal interests outside of work can provide a sense of fulfillment and resilience against stress [46][48] Group 5 - Shifting focus from outcomes to the experiences gained during the process can alleviate pressure and enhance enjoyment in life [51][53] - Recognizing that life is not about achieving a specific goal but about the journey can lead to a more fulfilling existence [55][56]

Core Insights - Effective interpersonal communication can be achieved by anyone through mindset shifts, self-belief, and gradual development of professional networks, applicable to both introverts and extroverts [1][10] Group 1: Key Factors Influencing Interpersonal Skills - Cognitive flexibility enhances social engagement by 19%, allowing individuals to adapt their thinking to new situations and maintain relationships [4] - A focus on gain rather than loss increases social success by 17%, encouraging individuals to participate in social activities and set social goals [5] - Self-perceived social efficacy boosts participation in social activities by 25%, emphasizing the importance of positive self-talk and role models [7] Group 2: Persistence and Future Orientation - Consistency in social efforts improves social prospects by 51.5%, highlighting the need for regular engagement in social activities [8] - A future-oriented mindset enhances willingness to engage socially by 12%, encouraging individuals to set clear goals and prepare for social interactions [9]