Group 1 - The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine since 2022 has led to a significant shift in the global energy landscape, with Western countries implementing a price cap on Russian oil exports to weaken Russia's economic support [3] - China, as a major energy consumer, emphasizes independent diplomacy and stable energy supply, while India has increased its imports of Russian oil but faces pressure from U.S. tariffs, resulting in a decline in procurement [3][14] - By August 2025, China accounted for 47% of Russian oil exports, while India's share dropped to around 37%, reflecting the balance between energy security and international relations [3] Group 2 - China's oil procurement strategy is characterized by long-term contracts that mitigate market volatility, with companies like PetroChina securing multi-year agreements to lock in prices [7] - In contrast, India's reliance on the spot market and short-term discounts has led to a reduction in profit margins, with state-owned refineries decreasing imports to 1.4-1.6 million barrels per day in early 2025 [7][11] - The quality of oil purchased by China, specifically ESPO crude, allows for higher refining efficiency and better economic returns compared to India's preference for Ural heavy crude [5][13] Group 3 - China has shifted its procurement strategy from short-term fluctuations to long-term fixed contracts, enhancing supply chain resilience and reducing dependence on Middle Eastern oil by 30% [7][11] - The transition to a more mature procurement strategy has allowed China to secure energy supplies effectively, with imports valued at $62.6 billion from January to July 2025, contributing to a 1.5% economic growth [9][11] - The price differences in oil purchases are attributed to quality and strategic considerations rather than a disadvantage for China, which has seen significant value addition from its ESPO crude [13][16] Group 4 - In response to the G7's price cap adjustments, China has increased its imports of Urals crude to compensate for India's reduced volume, demonstrating adaptability in its energy strategy [14] - The long-term contracts and strategic partnerships have positioned China to maintain energy security while stabilizing international markets, avoiding inflationary pressures from energy shortages [16] - India's model, while flexible, is more susceptible to external pressures, highlighting China's strategic foresight in ensuring energy autonomy and sustainable development [16]