Core Viewpoint - Deep-sea mining is transitioning from exploration to development, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for deep-sea metals, although it still faces significant economic, environmental, and legal challenges [1][2]. Industry Overview - The deep sea contains over 60 types of metals, including copper, cobalt, nickel, and gold, with an estimated resource volume of approximately 30 billion tons and a recoverable potential of about 7.5 billion tons [2]. - The price surge of various metals, particularly copper and cobalt, has made deep-sea mining economically viable [2]. - Historical attempts at deep-sea mining date back to the late 19th century, with significant efforts in the 1970s, but commercial viability remains elusive [2]. Environmental Concerns - There are ongoing debates regarding the environmental impact of deep-sea mining, with 37 countries advocating for a pause or ban until comprehensive environmental assessments are conducted [3][4]. - Key environmental concerns include sediment plumes, heavy metal pollution, and noise pollution affecting marine life [5][6]. Legal Framework - The current legal framework for deep-sea mining is primarily governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which outlines the management and regulation of international seabed activities [7]. Commercialization Challenges - Despite technological advancements in mining equipment, such as mining vehicles and ships, profitability models remain unproven, with significant operational challenges including equipment malfunction and low extraction efficiency [9]. - The extraction process from depths of 4,000 to 6,000 meters presents logistical challenges, with no existing pipelines capable of such depths [9]. - The complexity of deep-sea equipment development and the high costs associated with testing further complicate commercialization efforts [9][10]. Alternative Applications - The technology developed for deep-sea mining vehicles may find alternative applications in offshore wind turbine maintenance, leveraging expertise in marine soil mechanics [11].