Core Viewpoint - Optical technology has matured in long-distance communication, but its service distance is shrinking, particularly in data centers, with a shift from fiber optics to more compact solutions like waveguides [2]. Group 1: Current Trends in Optical Technology - Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are driving short fiber links, and there is ongoing research to bring fiber optics closer to data center servers [2]. - The transition of fiber optics from card edges to onboard and now to packaging indicates a significant evolution in optical communication [2]. Group 2: Integration Challenges - The integration of lasers with silicon faces challenges related to reliability, temperature sensitivity, and energy consumption [4]. - Current optical devices rely on distributed feedback lasers (DFB), which are effective for long-distance fiber optics but are more expensive compared to other types [6]. Group 3: Temperature Management - Temperature control is a major challenge for laser developers, as precise temperature management is crucial for maintaining signal integrity [8]. - Experts suggest that isolating lasers from high-temperature chips can enhance performance and reliability [9]. Group 4: VCSEL Applications and Limitations - VCSELs are cost-effective and suitable for short-distance connections, particularly in data centers, but they face challenges in wavelength compatibility with existing optical systems [14]. - Recent advancements have improved the bandwidth of O-band VCSELs, reigniting interest in their use for single-mode fiber applications [15]. Group 5: Future Research Directions - Ongoing research is focused on integrating III-V materials into silicon substrates, although these technologies have not yet reached mass production levels [12]. - Quantum dot (QD) lasers, which are less temperature-sensitive, are also being explored, but their output power remains a limitation [12].